Textile dyes history

E.S.B. Ferreira, A. Quye, H. McNab, A.N. Hulme, Photo oxidation products of quercetin and morin as markers for the characterisation of natural flavonoid yellow dyes in ancient textiles, Dyes in History and Archaeology 18, 63 72 (2002). 

Robinson, Stuart (1968). A History of Dyed Textiles Dyes, Fibres, Painted Bark, Batik, Starch-Resist, Discharge, Tie-Dye, Further Sources for Research. Cambridge, MA MIT Press. 

Centuries before the structure of indole was known, many of its derivatives were important commercial products. Ancient textile dyes and perfumes are but two of the markets described above in which indole has had a rich history. Indoles continue to impact both of these markets today. The use of indoles has expanded into facets of agriculture, animal health and the relatively new areas of dietary supplements and nutraceuticals. These are all commodity markets, distinct from the explosion of medicinal uses that have been discovered for indole-containing substances. 

Lactic acid was discovered in 1780 by the experimental chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who isolated acid of milk from sour whey [12, 13]. A further description of the history of lactic acid by Holten and Benninga shows that industrial production of lactic acid started in the United States in the 1880s [14, 15]. Avery patented and applied a process of fermentation of vegetable sugars [16]. The actual application was the use of a mixture of calcium lactate and lactic acid as baking powder. Unfortunately, this application was not a big success, but other applications in food and textile dyeing were developed. 

Phthalocyanine pigments account for approximately 23% of the total worldwide organic pigment consumption of 225,000 tons. Approximately 20,000 t are used in printing inks, 10,000 t in paints, 9,000 t in plastics, 3,000 t in textiles, 7,000 t in dyes, and 2,000 t in specialty uses. Table 1 shows the worldwide distribution of cmde phthalocyanine capacity. The production history of phthalocyanine in the United States from 1980 to 1990 is given in Table 2 (161). The 1990 prices of phthalocyanine blue and green pigments were ca 11—22/kg and 21—27/kg, respectively. 

History. Braun and Tschemak [23] obtained phthalocyanine for the first time in 1907 as a byproduct of the preparation of o-cyanobenzamide from phthalimide and acetic anhydride. However, this discovery was of no special interest at the time. In 1927, de Diesbach and von der Weid prepared CuPc in 23 % yield by treating o-dibromobenzene with copper cyanide in pyridine [24], Instead of the colorless dinitriles, they obtained deep blue CuPc and observed the exceptional stability of their product to sulfuric acid, alkalis, and heat. The third observation of a phthalocyanine was made at Scottish Dyes, in 1929 [25], During the preparation of phthalimide from phthalic anhydride and ammonia in an enamel vessel, a greenish blue impurity appeared. Dunsworth and Drescher carried out a preliminary examination of the compound, which was analyzed as an iron complex. It was formed in a chipped region of the enamel with iron from the vessel. Further experiments yielded FePc, CuPc, and NiPc. It was soon realized that these products could be used as pigments or textile colorants. Linstead et al. at the University of London discovered the structure of phthalocyanines and developed improved synthetic methods for several metal phthalocyanines from 1929 to 1934 [1-11]. The important CuPc could not be protected by a patent, because it had been described earlier in the literature [23], Based on Linstead s work the structure of phthalocyanines was confirmed by several physicochemical measurements [26-32], Methods such as X-ray diffraction or electron microscopy verified the planarity of this macrocyclic system. Properties such as polymorphism, absorption spectra, magnetic and catalytic characteristics, oxidation and reduc-... 

Problems of classification of 18th century painted-printed Chinese and Western silk textiles are discussed with emphasis on how nondestructive X-ray fluorescent (XRF) analyses of pigment-dye pastes and paints can be combined with visually observable physical characteristics, painterly techniques, and art historical research to separate Chinese silks from Western ones. This unique documentation process is the result of our joint, 2-year study and shows how textile connoisseurship can be reinforced with scientific data. Thirty painted-printed 18th century silks from the textile and costume collections of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York Musee Historique des Tissus in Lyon, France National Museum of American History Philadelphia Museum of Art Rhode Island Historical Society and The Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum were examined and analyzed by XRF for this study. 

In a study of allergic contact dermatitis in consumers, 1813 consecutive patients were tested with an additional textile series of 12 reactive dyes, and 18 patients (0.99%) were found to be sensitized to reactive dyes. However, only five patients had a history of intolerance to garments, and two of the four patch tests performed with pieces of garment were positive. In practice, reactive dyes in clothing should not be sensitizers. If they can be extracted from fibers, they are in a hydrolyzed, nonsensitizing form. 

Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986). Chapters 3-5 take the story to 1933. For the synthetic intermediate for leather, Oropan, see pp. 6-24 for dyes and other textile products, Ambersol and Paraplex, pp. 44- 9 and for the insecticide, Lethane, pp. 100-102. The company s recent history is covered in Derdak, ed.. InternationalDiredory, vol. 26 (1999), pp. 422 26. 

Insolubilization. Insolubilization of compounds within textiles parallels the history of humanity the direct dyeing techniques for cotton were highly advanced in the Bronze Age. With the exception of fiber-reactive dyes discussed earlier, other cotton dyes, ie, vat and sulfur, are insolubilized within the fiber after an oxidization step. Insoluble metal oxides have been used to flameproof cotton, and zirconium compounds have been insolubilized on cotton to render the fabric microbial resistant (135) or mildew resistant (136) via a mineral dyeing process (see Textile Finishing). 

The chemistry of colorants, particularly in the dyeing of textiles, has a long and rich history. There are indications that the art of dyeing was practiced as early as 3000 B.C.E. in China and Egypt [21]. The colorants used were obtained from natural sources. Examples include blue indigo from the indigo plant, reds fi om the root of madder, yellows and reds from saffiower, and lyrian Purple produced by the Phoenicians from shellfish [22]. 

Maiidl, Dipl.-Ing. K. In Dyeing/Printing/Finishing, Biodegradation of Textile Fibres as Seen Under the Microscope - Actual Case Histories, Vol. 4,1982, pp. 280,285-288,2911292. 

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