DYEING AND PRINTING

Dyes for dyeing and printing polyester and cellulose acetate fibers fast blue and red shades... 

Uses. Butyrolactone is principally consumed by the manufacturers by reaction with methylamine or ammonia to produce A/-meth5d-2-pyrrohdinone [872-50-4] and 2-pyrrohdinone [616-45-5] C H NO, respectively. Considerable amounts are used as a solvent for agricultural chemicals and polymers, in dyeing and printing, and as an intermediate for various chemical syntheses. 

Antlblaze 19. Antiblaze 19 (Mobil), a flame retardant for polyester fibers (134), is a nontoxic mixture of cycHc phosphonate esters. Antiblaze 19 is 100% active, whereas Antiblaze 19T is a 93% active, low viscosity formulation for textile use. Both are miscible with water and are compatible with wetting agents, thickeners, buffers, and most disperse dye formulations. Antiblaze 19 or 19T can be diffused into 100% polyester fabrics by the Thermosol process for disperse dyeing and printing. This requires heating at 170—220°C for 30—60 s. 

L. Diserens, The Chemical Technology of Dyeing and Printing Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, 1948. 

Uses. The largest use for sodium thiocyanate is as the 50—60 wt % aqueous solution, as a component of the spinning solvent for acryUc fibers (see Fibers, acrylic Acrylonitrile polymers). Other textile appHcations are as a fiber swelling agent and as a dyeing and printing assist. A newer commercial use for sodium thiocyanate is as an additive to cement in order to impart early strength to concrete (376). 

NaN02 is used for diazotizing in dyestuff manuf, in org synthesis, rubber accelerators, prepn of nitric oxide, pharmaceuticals, photographic reag, curing meats, dyeing and printing textile fabrics, etc... 

E.21 (a) Determine the number of formula units in 0.750 mol KNO,. (b) What is the mass (in milligrams) of 2.39 X 1020 formula units of Ag2S04 (c) Estimate the number of formula units in 3.429 g of NaHC02, sodium formate, which is used in dyeing and printing fabrics. 

The practical route for oxidizing leuco diphenylmethanes 15 demands inital conversion to an imine salt 16. The imine salt is obtained by heating a mixture of diphenylmethane, sulfur, ammonium chloride, and sodium chloride at 175°C in a current of ammonia or by heating a mixture of diphenylmethane, urea, sulfamic acid, sulfur, and ammonia at 175°C (Scheme 3). Dyes 16 can be represented as the quinonoid resonance structure 17. Dyes of this class, known as auramines, are all yellow, with the only commercial representative being auramine O 16a. Due to its poor lightfastness and instability to hot acids and bases, its use has been restricted to dyeing and printing cotton, paper, silk, leather, and jute. 

Nickel sulfate can be produced from either pure or impure sources. The pure source involves the reaction of pure nickel or nickel oxide powder (combined or separately) with sulfuric acid to produce nickel sulfate that is filtered and crystallized to produce a solid product. The impure raw material may be spent industrial liquor that contains a high percentage of nickel sulfate. The impurities in the liquor are precipitated by sequential treatment with oxidizers lime and sulfides can later be filtered out. The treated liquor, which is a pure solution of nickel sulfate, can be packaged in a drum or further crystallized and dried to produce solid nickel sulfate. Nickel sulfate is used mainly in the metal plating industries. Other uses include dyeing and printing of fabrics and production of patina, an alloy of zinc and brass. 

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