Textbooks and Reference Works

One of the defining features of a new discipline is the publication of textbooks setting out its essentials. In Section 2.1.1, devoted to the emergence of physical chemistry, I pointed out that the first textbook of physical chemistry was not published until 1940, more than half a century after the foundation of the field. Materials science has been better served. In what follows, I propose to omit entirely all textbooks devoted to straight physical metallurgy, of which there have been dozens, say little about straight physics texts, and focus on genuine MSE texts. 

As we saw in Chapter 3, the founding text of modern materials science was Frederick Seitz s The Modern Theory of Solids (1940) an updated version of this, also very influential in its day, was Charles Wert and Robb Thomson s Physies of Solids (1964). Alan Cottrell s Theoretical Structural Metallurgy appeared in 1948 (see Chapter 5) although devoted to metals, this book was in many ways a true precursor of materials science texts. Richard Weiss brought out Solid State Physics for Metallurgists in 1963. Several books such as Properties of Matter (1970), by Mendoza and Flowers, were on the borders of physics and materials science. Another key precursor book, still cited today, was Darken and Gurry s book. Physical Chemistry of Metals (1953), followed by Swalin s Thermodynamics of Solids. 

However, the first text specifically for students of materials science was Lawrence van Vleck s Elements of Materials Science An Introductory Text for Engineering Students (1959), which was very widely used. It appeared only a year 

In 1964, two competing series of slender volumes appeared one, the Macmillan Series in Materials Science , came from Northwestern Morris Fine wrote a fine account of Phase Transformations in Comlen.ted Systems, accompanied by Marvin Wayman s Introduction to the Crystallography of Martensite Transformations and by Elementary Dislocation Theory, written by Johannes and Julia Weertman. The second series, edited at MIT by John Wulff, was entitled The Structure and Properties of Materials , and included slim volumes on Structure, Thermodynamics of Structure, Mechanical Behaviour and Electronic Properties. 

A fresh start has been made by Samuel Allen and Edwin Thomas of MIT, with The Structure of Materials (1998), the first of a new MIT series on materials. The authors say that our text looks at one aspect of our field, the structure of materials, and attempts to define and present it in a generic, materials catholic way. They have succeeded, better than others, in integrating some crucial ideas concerning polymers into mainline materials science. 

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Many textbooks and reference works dealing with various aspects of electroanalytical chemistry have been published in recent decades. Some of these are given below as suggestions for additional reading, in alphabetic order ... 

Having said this, it was felt therefore that there is a need for a book addressing analysis and characterisation of polymers from the point of view of what we wish to call the primary analytical question. Many excellent textbooks and reference works exist which address one or more individual analytical techniques, see, for example, references [1-10]. These books form the basis of the knowledge of the technique expert. They also contain many excellent and varied examples on successful applications of analytical techniques to polymer analysis and characterisation. There are also books which address the multitude of analytical techniques applied in polymer analysis, see, for example, references [11-24], However, a synthetic chemist may wish to know the constitution of his/her polymer chain, a material scientist may want to find out the reasons why a fabricated sample had failed. What technique is best or optimal to study chain constitution will depend on the situation. Polymer failure may result from morphological features, which needs to be avoided, a contaminant, a surface property degradation, etc. When a sample has been processed, e.g., a film blown, molecular orientation may be the key parameter to be studied. A formulation scientist may wish to know why an additive from a different supplier performs differently. It is from such points of view that polymer analysis and characterisation is addressed in this book. 

It is true that, for instance, one does not find under the keyword aldehyde the preparation of benzaldehyde (a) from toluene by way of benzyl chloride or benzaldehyde dichloride, (b) from benzene and hydrogen cyanide-hydrogen chloride (Gattermann-Koch) or from bromobenzene by way of phenyl-magnesium bromide and formic ester (Grignard), and (c) from stilbene and ozone or from 1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethanediol and lead tetraacetate but such a collection of syntheses is to be found in the systematic textbooks and reference works of organic chemistry, and the compass of the large reactions remains nevertheless substantially intact in our treatment. 

Any book, whether a textbook or reference work can not be produced without the help and cooperation of many people. I wish to acknowledge the members of the Chromatography Forum of the Delaware Valley, the contributing authors for their cooperation, professional attitude, and unselfish availability of their time my son Duane for the drawings in several of the chapters and the creation of the cover drawing, Dr. Gerald R. Umbreit for assistance and cooperation beyond those of a contributor, and Drs. Mary A. Kaiser, Matthew J. O Brien, and John F. Wojcik for helping... 

With this brief survey of the marvelously complex field of inorganic chemistry, we now turn to the details in the remainder of this book. The topics included provide a broad introduction to the field. However, even a cursory examination of a chemical library or one of the many inorganic journals shows some important aspects of inorganic chemistry that must be omitted in a short textbook. The references cited in the text suggest resources for further study, including historical sources, texts, and reference works that can provide useful additional material. 

Undergraduate coursework Usable information needs to be developed for incorporation into existing courses, textbooks, and reference handbooks in chemistry, physics, chemical engineering, and materials, as well as new courses on electrochemical science and engineering. The broad scope of the electrochemical field must be made clear in such works. For example, the thermodynamic and kinetic principles governing electrode reactions relevant in electrowinning,... 

Muller needn t have worried. It was not just on Kekule that the publication of the benzene theory worked like the sound of a starting gun there was more than enough for everyone. His colleagues in the field received the new theory positively, many signing on immediately, others using words of caution, but very few (not even Kolbe, at first) expressing downright opposition. In March 1865 Williamson wrote a review of the first five fascicles of Kekule s textbook and referred indirectly therein to the benzene work. 

In spite of the difficulties occasioned by the war, the English language translation of the monograph by Kurt H. Meyer appeared in 1942 as Volume IV of the Interscience Series on High Polymers Natural and Synthetic High Polymers A Textbook and Reference Book for Chemists and Biologists [16]. While some books become dated very quickly, especially synoptic surveys of a whole field of work, the monograph by Meyer is stiU an essential reference work Much of the detailed information on specific polymers occurs only here. Textbooks tend to... 

The reader is advised to start with this book and to then delve further into the computational literature pertaining to his or her specific work. It is impossible to reference all relevant works in a book such as this. The bibliography included at the end of each chapter primarily lists textbooks and review articles. These are some of the best sources from which to begin a serious search of the literature. It is always advisable to run several tests to determine which techniques work best for a given project. 

Mathematical modelling of the machine is a complex subject and is not discussed here. For this, research and development works carried out by engineers and the textbooks available on the subject may be consulted. A few references are provided in the Further reading at the end of this chapter. In the above analysis we have considered the rotor flux as the reference frame. In fact any of the following may be fixed as the reference frame and accordingly the motor s mathematical model can be developed ... 

Section 2 of the textbook includes chapters that are relevant to the four genres covered in section 1. In these chapters, you will learn to format tables, hgures, and schemes (chapter 16) as well as citations and references (chapter 17). In the last chapter (chapter 18), you will End useful hints for the hnal stages of revision for all your written work. 

For more specialized and detailed biochemical information that is not offered by textbooks, reference books must be used. Reference works range from general surveys to specialized series. The best works are multivolume sets that continue publication of volumes on a periodic basis. Each volume usually covers a specialized area with articles written by recognized authorities in the field. It should be noted that reference articles of interest to biochemists are often found in publications that are not strictly biochemical. The best known and most widely used review publication is Annual Review of Biochemistry. Each volume in this series, which was introduced in 1932, contains several detailed and extensive articles written by experts in the field. For shorter reviews emphasizing current topics, Trends in the Biochemical Sciences (TIBS) is widely read. 

This paper by Ya.B. was translated and published, with a few changes, in the collection Statistical phenomena in heterogeneous systems, 1 which was devoted especially to the theory of non-uniform surfaces and to statistical phenomena in adsorption and catalysis. In the review article by V. I. Levin in this collection the priority of Ya.B. s article in statistical research on the theory of adsorption and catalysis is emphasized. The article also cites articles by other authors who came to similar conclusions, but later than Ya.B. The significance of Ya.B. s work for the theory of catalysis is elucidated in detail in S. Z. Roginskii s book, Adsorption and Catalysis on a Non-Uniform Surface. 2 After this a summary of this paper by Ya.B. has entered into the majority of monographs and textbooks on catalysis. Thus, in the course of Thomas and Thomas3 the derivation of the adsorption isotherm on a non-uniform surface is given in full and referred to as classical. 

In compiling this book, the author has drawn freely from all sources of information available to him - research notes, original memoirs in scientific journals, reference works on organic chemistry, the numerous textbooks on practical organic chemistry, and pamphlets of manufacturers of specialised apparatus. Whilst individual acknowledgement cannot obviously be made - in many cases the original source has been lost track of - it is a duty and a pleasure to place on record the debt the writer owes to all these sources. Mention must, however, be made of Organic Syntheses, to which the reader is referred for further details of many of the preparations described in the text. 

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