Textbook

Principles of Polymer Chemistry, Cornell University Press, Ithaca (1953) 

An Introduction to Polymer Science, Wiley, Weinheim (2002) 

Eisele, Introduction to Polymer Physics, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York (1990) 

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This chapter and the two that follow are introduced at this time to illustrate some of the many extensive areas in which there are important applications of surface chemistry. Friction and lubrication as topics properly deserve mention in a textbook on surface chemistiy, partly because these subjects do involve surfaces directly and partly because many aspects of lubrication depend on the properties of surface films. The subject of adhesion is treated briefly in this chapter mainly because it, too, depends greatly on the behavior of surface films at a solid interface and also because friction and adhesion have some interrelations. Studies of the interaction between two solid surfaces, with or without an intervening liquid phase, have been stimulated in recent years by the development of equipment capable of the direct measurement of the forces between macroscopic bodies. 

As on previous occasions, the reader is reminded that no very extensive coverage of the literature is possible in a textbook such as this one and that the emphasis is primarily on principles and their illustration. Several monographs are available for more detailed information (see General References). Useful reviews are on future directions and anunonia synthesis [2], surface analysis [3], surface mechanisms [4], dynamics of surface reactions [5], single-crystal versus actual catalysts [6], oscillatory kinetics [7], fractals [8], surface electrochemistry [9], particle size effects [10], and supported metals [11, 12]. 

Chemisoq)tion bonding to metal and metal oxide surfaces has been treated extensively by quantum-mechanical methods. Somoijai and Bent [153] give a general discussion of the surface chemical bond, and some specific theoretical treatments are found in Refs. 154-157 see also a review by Hoffman [158]. One approach uses the variation method (see physical chemistry textbooks) ... 

A. W. Adamson, A Textbook of Physical Chemistry, 3rd ed.. Academic, New York, p. 624f. 

The introductory treatment of quantum mechanics presented in this textbook is excellent. Particularly appealing is the effort devoted to developing a qualitative understanding of quantum-mechanical principles. 

The material in this section can be found in many textbooks and monographs. Our treatment follows that in [1,2 and 3]. 

We now add die field back into the Hamiltonian, and examine the simplest case of a two-level system coupled to coherent, monochromatic radiation. This material is included in many textbooks (e.g. [6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11]). The system is described by a Hamiltonian having only two eigenstates, i and with energies = and Define coq = - co. The most general wavefunction for this system may be written as... 

The approach that will be outlined here is due to Caratheodory [1] and Bom [2] and should present fresh insights to those familiar only with the usual development in many chemistry, physics or engineering textbooks. However, while the fonnulations differ somewhat, the equations that finally result are, of course, identical. 

The treatment of equilibrium solvation effects in condensed-phase kmetics on the basis of TST has a long history and the literature on this topic is extensive. As the basic ideas can be found m most physical chemistry textbooks and excellent reviews and monographs on more advanced aspects are available (see, for example, the recent review article by Tnihlar et al [6] and references therein), the following presentation will be brief and far from providing a complete picture. 

Basic quantum mechanics textbooks that inelude one or more ehapters on seattering theory as applied to physios ... 

The quantum mechanical treatment of a hamionic oscillator is well known. Real vibrations are not hamionic, but the lowest few vibrational levels are often very well approximated as being hamionic, so that is a good place to start. The following description is similar to that found in many textbooks, such as McQuarrie (1983) [2]. The one-dimensional Schrodinger equation is... 

The most oompiete textbook avaiiabie, suitabie for graduate students and researohers. 

A good introductory textbook, includes a nice and detailed presentation of relaxation theory at the level of Solomon equations. 

Canet D 1996 Nuciear Magnetic Resonance Concepts and Methods (Chicester Wiley) A good NMR textbook, with a nice chapter on relaxation. 

In this article only the most important and frequently applied EPR methods will be introduced. For more extensive treatments of CW and pulsed EPR the reader is referred to some excellent review articles that will be specified in the respective sections of this article. A good starting point for fiirther reading is provided by a number of outstanding textbooks which have been written on the various aspects of EPR in general [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8]. Interested readers... 

Williams D B and Carter C B 1996 Transmission Electron Microscopy, A Textbook for Material Science (New York Plenum)... 

A textbook that treats the principal techniques of surface science. 

Detailed derivations of the isothemi can be found in many textbooks and exploit either statistical themio-dynaniic methods [1] or independently consider the kinetics of adsorption and desorption in each layer and set these equal to define the equilibrium coverage as a function of pressure [14]. The most conmion fomi of BET isothemi is written as a linear equation and given by ... 

A fundamental work by a pioneer of polymer soienoe. May be not appropriate as an introduotory textbook, but very valuable reading for anyone who is more familiar with polymer soienoe. 

In tills section we focus on tlie tlieory of stability of charged colloids. In section C2.6.5.1 it is shown how particles can be made to aggregate by adding sufficient electrolyte. The associated aggregation kinetics are discussed in section C2.6.5.2, and tlie stmcture of tlie aggregates in section C2.6.5.3. For more details, see tlie recent reviews [53, 54 and 55], or tlie colloid science textbooks [33, 39]. 

Fliemenz P C and Ra]agopalan R 1997 Principles of Colloid and Surface Chemistry 3rd edn (New York Marcel Dekker) General textbook on colloid and surface science, including details about characterization methods Flunter R J 1987 and 1989 Foundations of Colloid Science vols I and II (Oxford Clarendon Press)... 

Russel W B, Seville D A and Schowalter W R 1989 Colloidal Dispersions (Cambridge Cambridge University Press) General textbook, emphasizing the physical equilibrium and non-equilibrium properties of colloids Shaw D J 1996 Introduction to Colloid and Surface Chemistry (Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann)... 

A textbook, intended for advanced undergraduates, attempting to state principles and demonstrate unity of catalysis as a field. 

The standard textbook of olassioal biophysioal ohemistry. Very strong on methods for eluoidating the struoture of biomoleoules... 

The definition above is a particularly restrictive description of a nanocrystal, and necessarily limits die focus of diis brief review to studies of nanocrystals which are of relevance to chemical physics. Many nanoparticles, particularly oxides, prepared dirough die sol-gel niediod are not included in diis discussion as dieir internal stmcture is amorjihous and hydrated. Neverdieless, diey are important nanoniaterials several textbooks deal widi dieir syndiesis and properties [4, 5]. The material science community has also contributed to die general area of nanocrystals however, for most of dieir applications it is not necessary to prepare fully isolated nanocrystals widi well defined surface chemistry. A good discussion of die goals and progress can be found in references [6, 7, 8 and 9]. Finally, diere is a rich history in gas-phase chemical physics of die study of clusters and size-dependent evaluations of dieir behaviour. This topic is not addressed here, but covered instead in chapter C1.1, Clusters and nanoscale stmctures, in diis same volume. 

Numerous teclmiques have been developed for depositing films from vapours, ranging from straightforward evaporation to advanced chemical transport in which reactions are activated by heat, light or plasma. These have been surveyed in two comprehensive reviews [8, 9] and two popular interdisciplinary textbooks [K), H]. The tliree most widely used chemically based teclmiques are ... 

As a prelude to the derivation of our results, we note here some of the relations between phases and moduli that have been known previously. The following is a list (presumably not exhaustive) of these relations. Some of them are standard textbook material. 

III classical MD (cf. textbook [1]) a molecule is modelled by a Hamiltonian function... 

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