Textbooks on chemistry

As for the third and fourth quantum numbers, in agreement with what is generally mentioned in textbooks on chemistry, such as, for instance, Greenwood and Earnshaw (1997) we may say that ... 

The book is mainly based on printed sources Boerhaave s textbooks on chemistry and medicine, the academic orations and the few autobiographical notes found after his death. My intention is to stay as close to Boerhaave s own words as possible. However, I shall also use the commentaries and translations of contemporaries. 

While reading a textbook on chemistry, I came upon the statement "nitric acid acts upon copper". .. I had seen a bottle marked "nitric acid" on a table. .. I was willing to sacrifice one of the few copper cents then in my possession. 

Atomic structure based on the theory of wave mechanics is described in most modem textbooks on chemistry and there is also a brief account given by Coates (Jf.S.D.C., 1967,83,96), but a short reference to molecular orbitals may not be out of place. Molecular orbitals are formed by the amalgamation of those atomic orbitals where a high degree of overlap is possible, and a few extremely simple examples are shown in Fig. 12.2. 

FIGURE 242. Robert Best Ede prefaced his 48 page catalog with a 193-page textbook on chemistry. But selling is the main object— here is the start of his catalog. (From Ede, Practical Facts in Chemistry, London, 1839, 1837.)... 

J.W. Draper, A Textbook on Chemistry for the Use of Schools and Colleges, Harper Brothers Publishers, New York, 1846. 

Finally, in 1787, Lavoisier together with the French chemists, de Morveau, Ber-thollet and de Fourcroy established in Paris a new chemical nomenclature, that has remained valid until today. Lavoisier wrote in 1789 the Trade elementaire de Chimie (Elementary Treatise of Chemistry), the first modem textbook on chemistry, and presented a unified view of new theories of chemistry, containing a clear statement of the law of conservation of mass, and denied the existence of phlogiston. In addition, it contained a list of elements, or substances that could not be broken down further, which included oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphoms, mercury, zinc, and sulfur. 

While reading a textbook on chemistry, I came upon the statement nitric acid acts upon copper . I was getting tired of reading such absurd stuff and I determined to see what this meant. Copper was more or less familiar to me, for copper cents were then in use. I had seen a bottle marked nitric acid on a table in the doctor s office where I was then doing time .. . and [wanted] only to learn what the words act upon meant. . . ... 

This chapter serves as an introduction to atmospheric chemistry. It provides an overview of the development of the field, fi om the dawn of modem chemistry to the birth of atmospheric chemistry. Section 1.3 lists the textbooks on chemistry of the atmosphere and atmospheric chemistry that have been published to date. In addition, the literature that served as reference in the writing of this chapter is also listed at the end of this chapter under the bibliography. 

J.J. Berzelius Lorbok i Kemien (Textbook on Chemistry), Stockholm 1819 and Lehrbuch der Chemie in German transl., Dresden 1825-1831)... 

These things mark the beginning, I believe, of a new chemistry, a deductive chemistry, one in which we can reason out chemical relationships without falling back on chemical intuition. think that within a few years we will be able to deduce 90 percent of everything that is in every textbook on chemistry, deduce it as you need it, from simple ordinary principles, knowing definite facts in regard to the structure of the atoms. (Langmuir 1921)... 

This chapter and the two that follow are introduced at this time to illustrate some of the many extensive areas in which there are important applications of surface chemistry. Friction and lubrication as topics properly deserve mention in a textbook on surface chemistiy, partly because these subjects do involve surfaces directly and partly because many aspects of lubrication depend on the properties of surface films. The subject of adhesion is treated briefly in this chapter mainly because it, too, depends greatly on the behavior of surface films at a solid interface and also because friction and adhesion have some interrelations. Studies of the interaction between two solid surfaces, with or without an intervening liquid phase, have been stimulated in recent years by the development of equipment capable of the direct measurement of the forces between macroscopic bodies. 

Fliemenz P C and Ra]agopalan R 1997 Principles of Colloid and Surface Chemistry 3rd edn (New York Marcel Dekker) General textbook on colloid and surface science, including details about characterization methods Flunter R J 1987 and 1989 Foundations of Colloid Science vols I and II (Oxford Clarendon Press)... 

This chapter discusses the application of symmetry to orbital-based computational chemistry problems. A number of textbooks on symmetry are listed in the bibliography at the end of this chapter. 

See any standard textbook on physical chemistry for more information on the Debye-Htickel theory and its application to solution equilibrium... 

Textbook on organic chemistry with three chapters devoted mainly to natural and synthetic physiologically active heterocycles 98MI14. 

In aromatic compds, an amino group may be replaced by the nitro group by diazotization and reaction with nitric acid in the presence of cuprous salts (the Sandmeyer reaction). This method is used for lab work only and is described in standard textbooks on preparative organic chemistry... 

For more than two conjugated double bonds terms such as triene , etc, are used (Ref 8) Olefins can be prepd by numerous methods which are described in textbooks on organic chemistry such as Ref 7... 

The sophistication of the concepts being considered by this symposium points up the impressive advances which have been made in recent years in the understanding of ion-molecule reactions. Unfortunately, this knowledge is confined to that fraction of the scientific population which reads the current literature of mass spectrometry or radiation chemistry since writers of textbooks on kinetics have not yet discovered ion-molecule reaction kinetics as an area worthy of more than cursory mention. It is hoped that this symposium will help in some small way to remedy that situation. 

Pectins can generally be divided into neutral and acidic polymers, but certain structural features are common between the different types of pectic substances. These will be described below. Concerning the general chemistry of carbohydrate types of linkages, the reader can find details on this in general textbooks of chemistry and biochemistry and is for this reason not included. 

The material model is just a bit of matter - a molecule all the physical interactions are in principle considered (even if some terms are discarded in actual calculations), the modelization is thus reduced to the mathematical part. In addition, the report has the characteristics of an explanation. Making reference to a celebrated sentence opining the textbook on Quantum Chemistry by Eyrmg, Walter, Kimball [17] "In so far as quantum mechanics is correct, chemical questions are problems in applied mathemathics", it may be said that this program is a realization of that sentence. 

This same procedure may be used to explain, in a qualitative way, the chemical behavior of the elements in the periodic table. The application of the Pauli exclusion principle to the ground states of multi-electron atoms is discussed in great detail in most elementary textbooks on the principles of chemistry and, therefore, is not repeated here. 

Carbonyl reactions are extremely important in chemistry and biochemistry, yet they are often given short shrift in textbooks on physical organic chemistry, partly because the subject was historically developed by the study of nucleophilic substitution at saturated carbon, and partly because carbonyl reactions are often more difhcult to study. They are generally reversible under usual conditions and involve complicated multistep mechanisms and general acid/base catalysis. In thinking about carbonyl reactions, 1 find it helpful to consider the carbonyl group as a (very) stabilized carbenium ion, with an O substituent. Then one can immediately draw on everything one has learned about carbenium ion reactivity and see that the reactivity order for carbonyl compounds ... 

In the following we will concentrate on the quality of results obtained for these quantities from density functional theory. A more general discussion of polarizabilities, hyperpolarizabilities etc., is beyond the scope of the present book, but can be found in many textbooks on physical or theoretical chemistry, such as Atkins and Friedman, 1997. 

---