Chemical textbooks

Persistent practice is the great essential to acquiring a foreign language vocabulary and sensing its word order and idioms. At the outset the chemical student will find it very helpful to read in German elementary chemical textbooks with the subject matter of which he is familiar. This will serve the double purpose of review and German practice. 

Brush s account can hardly be accused of being unaccompanied by serious historical data and research. He analysed much of the chemical periodical and chemical textbook literature from the latter part of the nineteenth century in America and Britain, and also some of the literature from France and Germany in the same period. Brush came to a conclusion that is apparently straightforwardly pro-predictivist ... 

The electrophilic bromination of ethylenic compounds, a reaction familiar to all chemists, is part of the basic knowledge of organic chemistry and is therefore included in every chemical textbook. It is still nowadays presented as a simple two-step, trans-addition involving the famous bromonium ion as the key intermediate. T]nis mechanism was postulated as early as the 1930s by Bartlett and Tarbell (1936) from the kinetics of bromination of trans-stilbene in methanol and by Roberts and Kimball (1937) from stereochemical results on cis- and trans-2-butene bromination. According to their scheme (Scheme 1), bromo-derivatives useful as intermediates in organic synthesis... 

Reference Library Chemical textbooks, references, computer data programs, and similar materials carried by response personnel. 

Herman Boerhaave was a professor of the medical school of Leiden whose chemical textbook became a very important contributor to the early eighteenth-century organization of chemistry, as will be seen in the next chapter. But he seems to have vacillated on the role of air as a chemical component of bodies. Initially he considered air in essentially the same way as Boyle, a chaos of various smokes and effluvia which accounted for its particular chemical actions, but whose elastic parts were entirely without chemical behavior. After the appearance of Vegetable Staticks, however, he seems to have accepted Hales evidence without really abandoning his earlier view. When Lavoisier in 1774 summarized the earlier literature on the chemical fixing and liberation of air, he wrote of Boerhaaves views thus ... 

Herman Boerhaave (1668-1738), Dutch physician, publishes his Elementa Chemicae, whose comprehensiveness makes it the most popular chemical textbook for many decades. It serves chemistry as a great teaching book and presents a concise outline of all chemical knowledge. 

In addition to complete histories of the science, several other types of general works may be noted. First, there are several volumes of collected essays that deal, mainly or exclusively, with the history of chemistry. An example of these is the published proceedings of the Symposium on Alchemy, Chemistry and Pharmacy , held during the International Congress of History of Science at Liege in 1997.28 There is also a volume of essays on the history of chemistry in the multi-volume Italian publication, Storia della scienza.29 The five-year European Science Foundation Programme, The Evolution of Chemistry in Europe, 1789-1939 ,30 which was launched in 1993, has resulted in a number of collections of essays on Lavoisier,31 on aspects of the chemical industry,32-35 on chemical textbooks,36 and on chemical education and institutions.37-39... 

Berzelius became interested in animal chemistry and its applications in medicine from the late eighteenth century. He began to lecture on the subject and in 1806-08 published a two-volume chemical textbook in Swedish based on his lectures. This was never translated into English and only limited parts of it became known in this... 

As Christopher Glaser said in his Chemical textbook about 1650, "Would you ever feel safe walking down the street knowing that in your vest pocket lay the potential to create ten thousand ounces of gold " In the past, many were imprisoned and tortured to reveal the... 

The devil may write chemical textbooks...because every few years the whole thing changes. 

Macquer s and Baume s chemical textbooks were among the list of books young comte de Montlosier read, along with Pluch, Fontenelle, Voltaire, Roussesau, and Diderot Pierre Serna, The Noble, in Enlightenment Portraits, ed. M. Vovelle (University of Chicago Press, 1997), 38. 

The basic source for Boerhaave s chemistry is his chemical textbook, the C/i -menta chemiae, published in 1732. Boerhaave wrote his textbook in reaction to illegitimate publications of lecture notes under the name Institutiones et experi-menta chemiae (1724). Boerhaave was so annoyed about the pubhcations that he threatened in the local newspaper to prosecute anyone who pubhshed anything under his name without his consent. He even signed all the copies of the lementa chemiae himself to prove their authenticity. In addition to Boerhaave s textbook, I shall also use Boerhaave s correspondence as well as notes of his experiments. 

Boerhaave. (1741). New Method , the author to the reader. Boerhaave also stated that it was his aim to express himself in the fewest, as well as the clearest words possible, which is ironic considering the length of his chemical textbook. 

Physico-chemical textbooks are ostensibly adapted to neutral species and refrain from determining energies of individual ions (5), though this... 

In fact, by the time Hankins wrote his disciplinary assessment of pre-Lavoisier chemistry, a counternarrative of the development of chemistry as a discipline had already appeared in Owen Hannaway s 1975 The Chemists and the Word The Didactic Origins of Chemistry. As the subtitle indicated, Hannaway s narrative traced the invention of chemistry as a discipline back to the initiation of a didactic chemical textbook tradition by the humanist, Andreas Libavius, with his own textbook, the Alchemia of 1597.16... 

Klein, Ursula. Nature and Art in Seventeenth-Century French Chemical Textbooks, in Allen G. Debus and Michael T. Walton, eds., Reading the Book of Nature The Other Side of the Scientific Revolution (Kirksville Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers, 1998), pp. 239-250. 

Although the importance of relativistic effects for chemistry and physics of heavy elements is today generally acknowledged and their discussion even begins to be included in (quantum) chemical textbooks, a brief and incomplete outline of relativistic effects for atoms and some consequences for molecules will be given here. Several excellent review articles, besides the ones collected in this volume, focussing on relativistic effects exist [63-77]. 

With the advent of the electronic computers in the early 1950s it was finally possible to reexamine the two main approaches, and to take a closer look at the error implicit in these formulations. Thus we witness a three-way effort first, to establish a solid theoretical method, second, to develop all the needed mathematical algorithms for its implementation and third to be able to effectively use the new tool, the electronic computer, to obtain routinely numerical solutions. Incidentally, at the time there were relatively few quantum chemical textbooks computationally relevant , computers were still extremely expensive and rare in short computational chemistry hardly existed for lack of teachers, students, hardware and software. 

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