Textbooks concerned with

When the result of an analysis arises from a calculation involving many experimental values, each having its own standard deviation, there will be, by consequence, a propagation of errors. The precision of the result is calculated using simple equations that are found in most introductory textbooks concerned with statistics. 

Bioinformatics is a relatively new discipline that is concerned with the collection, organisatic and analysis of biological data. It is beyond our scope to provide a comprehensive overvie of this discipline a few textbooks and reviews that serve this purpose are now available (s the suggestions for further reading). However, we will discuss some of the main rnethoc that are particularly useful when trying to predict the three-dimensional structure and fum tion of a protein. To help with this. Appendix 10.1 contains a limited selection of some of tf common abbreviations and acronyms used in bioinformatics and Appendix 10.2 lists sorr of the most widely used databases and other resources. 

The material in this section is divided into three parts. The first subsection deals with the general characteristics of chemical substances. The second subsection is concerned with the chemistry of petroleum it contains a brief review of the nature, composition, and chemical constituents of crude oil and natural gases. The final subsection touches upon selected topics in physical chemistry, including ideal gas behavior, the phase rule and its applications, physical properties of pure substances, ideal solution behavior in binary and multicomponent systems, standard heats of reaction, and combustion of fuels. Examples are provided to illustrate fundamental ideas and principles. Nevertheless, the reader is urged to refer to the recommended bibliography [47-52] or other standard textbooks to obtain a clearer understanding of the subject material. Topics not covered here owing to limitations of space may be readily found in appropriate technical literature. 

Even recent textbooks mention only the traditional view that if water were not dissociated at all, hydrolysis would not occur. From Fig. 30, however, it is quite clear that in the proton transfer (150) we are concerned with the gap between the occupied proton level of the (NJIi)+ ion and the vacant level of the H2O molecule near the top of the diagram. The existence of the vacant proton level of the (OII) ion, near the bottom of the diagram, is irrelevant. 

Equation (8.12) is a form of the convective dijfusion equation. More general forms can be found in any good textbook on transport phenomena, but Equation (8.12) is sufficient for many practical situations. It assumes constant diffusivity and constant density. It is written in cylindrical coordinates since we are primarily concerned with reactors that have circular cross sections, but Section 8.4 gives a rectangular-coordinate version applicable to flow between flat plates. 

The large deformability as shown in Figure 21.2, one of the main features of rubber, can be discussed in the category of continuum mechanics, which itself is complete theoretical framework. However, in the textbooks on rubber, we have to explain this feature with molecular theory. This would be the statistical mechanics of network structure where we encounter another serious pitfall and this is what we are concerned with in this chapter the assumption of affine deformation. The assumption is the core idea that appeared both in Gaussian network that treats infinitesimal deformation and in Mooney-Rivlin equation that treats large deformation. The microscopic deformation of a single polymer chain must be proportional to the macroscopic rubber deformation. However, the assumption is merely hypothesis and there is no experimental support. In summary, the theory of rubbery materials is built like a two-storied house of cards, without any experimental evidence on a single polymer chain entropic elasticity and affine deformation. 

This chapter will be concerned with some general aspects of separation methods with specific reference to fine chemicals. Several textbooks and authoritative state-of-the-art reviews are available for individual methods of separations. 

Dr. Karch is the author of nearly 100 papers and book chapters, most of which are concerned with the effects of drug abuse on the heart. He has published seven books. He is currently completing the fourth edition of Pathology of Drug Abuse, a widely used textbook. He is also working on a popular history of Napoleon and his doctors. 

Effects of various substituents on 13C chemical shifts can be found in textbooks (2-5,11) or reviews concerned with applications of l3C NMR spectroscopy to specific classes of chemical compounds (16-24,142). Therefore, this section is limited to recent information about effects of less common substituents and to reference data for various carbo- and heterocyclic molecules. It is not the author s intention to present a comprehensive survey rather, a number of typical examples have been selected. The reader may use this section as an entry into the original papers and the references cited therein. 

In this text, we will not be particularly concerned with algorithms - not because they are not important but because such concerns are more properly addressed in advanced textbooks aimed at future practitioners of tlie art. Our focus will be primarily on the conceptual aspects of particular computational models, and not necessarily on the most efficient means for implementing them. 

The idea of equal probabilities has been elevated by Laplace510 to the rank of a philosophical principle, called principle of insufficient reason . Like many philosophical principles it leaves the essential question unanswered How do I select the elementary events to which equal a priori probabilities are to be assigned In textbook problems about tossing dice or drawing cards it is obvious what the author has in mind. One knows that he is concerned with the mathematics of step b and that the dice and cards merely serve as a ritual way of defining an a priori distribution. In actual applications, however, step a cannot be dismissed so cavalierly. 

Today s scientific textbooks and journals are filled with stories about the molecular processes of life. The central character in these stories is often a protein or nucleic acid molecule, a thing never seen in action, never perceived directly. We see model molecules in books and on computer screens, and we tend to treat them as everyday objects accessible to our normal perceptions. In fact, models are hard-won products of technically difficult data collection and powerful but subtle data analysis. This book is concerned with where our models of structure come from and how to use them wisely. 

Psychiatric journals of the time were mostly concerned with the classification and causation of mental disorders, including ideas about hereditary and chronic infection, and from the 1920s there was an interest in hormonal disturbance as a cause of madness (Moncrieff Crawford 2001). There were few papers about treatments. Textbooks contained only short discussions of treatment. Even when more optimistic attitudes were displayed, they usually emphasised the naturally remitting nature of some psychiatric conditions and the importance of general supportive and social measures, such as fresh air, massage, sunlight, rest and an atmosphere of hopefulness (Hutton 1940). These attitudes were summed up by authors of the foremost British textbook... 

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