Tetrazolium chloride

Dissolve 0.5 g blue tetrazolium (3,3 -(3,3 -dimethoxy-4,4 -biphenylylene)-bis(2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium)-chloride) in 100 ml methanol. 

In a separate study the rate of exchange of the 5-H of 2,3-diphenyl-tetrazolium chloride (44) has been found to be approximately the same as that for the 1,3-dimethylimidazolium salt. 

Phytochemical reduction of tetrazolium salts has been observed by Kuhn and Jerschel. If 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride is added to fermenting yeast the corresponding formazan is formed. Like most formazyl compounds it has a red color. 

The molecular formulas and the structures originally proposed by Bamberger for a number of transformation products of 5-amino-2,3-diphenyl-l,2,3,4-tetrazolium chloride (401) are given in Fig. 8. The... 

In the presence of the C-20-ketogroup at the side chain, tetrazolium salts are reduced to the corresponding strongly colored formazans. Mader and Buck were the first to apply tri-phenyl tetrazolium chloride to assay pharmaceutical steroids [83], but it was later found that air affects the procedure leading to poor reproducibility [84,85]. More stable reagents such as 2-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyltetrazolium bromide [86] and 2,5-diphenyl-3-(p-strylphenyl)tetrazolium chloride [87] were employed successfully. Good results were also obtained with blue tetrazolium, or 3,3 -(3,3 -dimethoxy-4,4 -biphenylene) bis 2,5-diphenyl-... 

H-tetrazolium chloride [88], The blue tetrazolium method is now widely used and has been adopted by the USP [89],... 

Few examples of photochemical dehydrogenation reactions accompanied by cyclization are reported in the literature. 2,3,5-Triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride (CV), which is used biochemically as reduction indicator, on irradiation in ethanol with ultraviolet light, undergoes dehydrogenation accompanied by cyclization to yield 2,3 (2,2 -bi-phenylene)-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride (CVI).106 167 Light-induced cyclization of substituted derivatives of CV to the corresponding bi-phenylene derivatives has been reported recently. sl 33... 

The bacterial toxicity was measured according DEV, DIN 38412, L3 (TTC(2,3,5-triphenyl-2/7-tetrazolium chlorid) test). The result gives an EC50 (effective concentration) varying between 2290 and 14700 mg/L, and estimated NOEC values in the range of < 10 to 100 mg/L [3.223],... 

Kuhn et al. found that triphenylverdazyl (61) was produced by reaction of 2,3,5-triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride (284) with diazomethane (66M846). 

Several calorimetric methods were reported for spironolactone using different derivatization reagents, such as thiosemicarbazide at 440 nm [24], 4-dinitrobenzene at 400 nm [25], isoniazide at 375 nm [26], acetic acid-acetic anhydride then H2SO4 at 500 nm [27], 2,3,5-triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride and tetramethylammonium hydroxide at 480 nm [28] sodium nitroprusside at 700 nm, and phosphotungestic acid at 410 nm [29]. 

Fe reduction. Sections of roots can then be viewed under the microscope and the stain located. Bell et al. (1988) have evaluated the use of ferricyanide and the use of nitro-BT, [2,2 -di-/>-nitro-phenyl-5,5 -diphenyl]-3,3 -(3,3 -dimethoxy-4,4 -biphenylene)-di-tetrazolium chloride. With ferricyanide, iron-stressed tomato plants were mainly stained on the younger roots hairs located on the laterals or primary root tip. Nitro-BT is thought to compete with Fe(III) at the same transmembrane ferric reduction site (Sijmons and Bienfate, 1983). A purple diformazan precipitate is produced on reduction. Although the roots were stained in a similar way to those incubated with ferricyanide, Bell et al. (1988) point out that further research is required to determine if nitro-BT reduction completes with ferric reduction at the same site in the tomato. The iron-stress redox activity has been shown to be localised on the plasma membrane in tomato roots (Buckout et al., 1989), and electron microscopic examination (see next section) of the roots stained with Prussian blue indicated that the PB had accumulated between the plasma membrane and the cell walls of the root hairs and epidermal cells (Wergin et al., 1988). 

Other vital stains take advantage of different cellular properties which can be correlated with cellular physiology Propidium Iodide, Ethidium Bromide, Ethidium Monoazide, Calcofluor White have been widely used to indicate the presence of dead eukaryotes or prokaryotes cells. 2-(p-iodophenyl-)3)(p-nitro-phenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride (INT) belongs to a class of stains which can be used to determine if a cell or hyphal compartments [180] can maintain an internal reducing environment (Fig. 20a). There are, however, still a large debate about the reliability of those techniques, depending upon the cells under consideration [181]. Calcofluor (Aex = 380 nm, Aem 420 nm) is a specific cell wall stain which enables to counts buds scars on Saccharomyces cerevisiae [29] to estimate the age of a cell. 

To facilitate the counting of the colonies stain with a solution of INT 2-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride hydrate. 

The number of 5-cyano-2,3-ditotyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC)-reducing bacteria were determined by using a final concentration of 2.5 mM and incubating the sample at 2°C for 2 h (Rodriguez et al. 1992). The reaction was stopped with 40% buffered formaldehyde (final concentration 2%). The samples were further filtered, DAPI stained and observed as described above. 

Alkaline phosphatase 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3 -indolyl-phosphate with nitroblue tetrazolium chloride (BCIP/NBT) Black/purple... 

Glucose oxidase Phenazine methosulfate with nitroblue tetrazolium chloride Black/purple... 

In contrast with previous LTV spectrophotometric method, Khan et al. [17] reported first -derivative spectrophotometric method to determine glimepiride in pharmaceutical dosage form. In this method, formation of drug complex was carried out by reacting glimepiride in MeOH with 2,3,5-triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride in NaOH 0.1 M as an alkaline media. This mixture was then heated at 60 2 °C for 60 min. Drug complex formed was showing maximum absorption at... 

Figure 6-17. Reactions involved in coupling oxidation of lactate with the reduction of p-nitroblue tetrazolium chloride.

Fig. 2. Typical densitometnc scan. Calf thymus DNA, methylated in vitro with 5 mM of methylnitrosourea, was denatured in 50 mM sodium hydroxide and blotted onto nitrocellulose. After incubation with a rabbit antiserum specific for O -methyldeoiQrguanosine (NPZ-193-1,1 8,000 see ref. 4) and alkaline phosphatase conjugated goat-antirabbit IgG, the blot was developed with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolylphosphate toluidine salt and nitroblue tetrazolium chloride in diethanolamine buffer, as described in the Methods section, and scanned by reflectance densitometry at 530 nm. Slots contain 283, 94.7, 31.3, 10.4, 3.4, 1.1, and 0 fmol of 0 -methyl-deoxyguanosine, corresponding to 181-0.7 pmol/mol of deoxyguanosine.

Substrate solution (16) Dissolve nitroblue tetrazolium chloride at a Hnal concentration of 0.3 mg/mL in diethanolamine buffer. Immediately before use, add 3.4 lL/mL of the BCIP soludon and mix well. Keep away from direct light. 

Triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride. Available from Aldrich and Eastman. Light-sensitive. Freshly prepared aqueous solutions should be used in tests. Any unused solution should be acidified and discarded. 

Digoxigenin (Dig) Detection Kit (Boehringer-Mannheim), containing anti-Dig AP conjugate, X-phosphate, and 4-nitro blue tetrazolium chloride (NBT). 

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