Aqueous solution preparation

Source A. J. Bard, R. Parsons, and J. Jordan (eds.). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution (prepared under the auspices... 

In Canada, ion-exchange (qv) technology has been used to produce potassium sulfate (4). Ion-exchange resins remove sulfate ions from lake water containing sodium sulfate. This is followed by a wash with aqueous solutions prepared from lower grade muriate of potash. High purity potassium sulfate is collected from the crystallizers into which the wash mns. 

Films or membranes of silkworm silk have been produced by air-drying aqueous solutions prepared from the concentrated salts, followed by dialysis (11,28). The films, which are water soluble, generally contain silk in the silk I conformation with a significant content of random coil. Many different treatments have been used to modify these films to decrease their water solubiUty by converting silk I to silk II in a process found usehil for enzyme entrapment (28). Silk membranes have also been cast from fibroin solutions and characterized for permeation properties. Oxygen and water vapor transmission rates were dependent on the exposure conditions to methanol to faciUtate the conversion to silk II (29). Thin monolayer films have been formed from solubilized silkworm silk using Langmuir techniques to faciUtate stmctural characterization of the protein (30). ResolubiLized silkworm cocoon silk has been spun into fibers (31), as have recombinant silkworm silks (32). 

Potassium silicate solutions are equally complex for example, an aqueous solution prepared from KOH and Si02 in which the ratio K Si is 1 1 contains 22 different discrete silicate anions as identified by Si COSY nmr studies. 

What is the molarity of each ion present in aqueous solutions prepared by dissolving 20.00 g of the following compounds in water to make 4.50 L of solution ... 

Source A. J. Bard, R. Parsons, and J. Jordan (eds.), Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution (prepared under the auspices of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1985 G. Chariot etal. .Selected Constants Oxidation-Reduction Potentials of Inorganic Substances in Aqueous Solution, Butterworths, London, 1971. 

Linnert T, Mulvaney P, Henglein A, Weller H (1990) Long-lived nonmetallic silver clusters in aqueous-solution - preparation and photolysis. J Am Chem Soc 112 4657-4664... 

Methodology to assess skin penetration, deposition, and metabolism needs to be further advanced. The LLNA needs to be further developed with a view to testing of aqueous solutions, preparations, and complex mixtures. The effects of irritant activity in the LLNA should be further explored. It is recommended that nonradioactive active forms of the LLNA, or LLNA-type assays that use reduced amounts of radioactivity, get more attention. 

Elemental composition Li 26.75%, F 73.25%. An aqueous solution prepared by dissolving 100 mg in a liter of water may be analyzed for lithium by AA or ICP spectrophotometry and for fluoride by ion chromatography or by using a fluoride ion selective electrode. 

Free triphosphoric acid has hitherto been obtained only as an aqueous solution prepared by ion exchange from the sodium salt. The dissociation constants are (337) Kt = very high = KF11 A3 = 10 2 3 KA = 10-6-26 if6 = 10-8 90. These values verify the old observation that triphosphoric acid has three strongly dissociated and two weakly dissociated H+ ions and explains why aqueous solutions of alkali triphosphates have an alkaline reaction. 

Figure 3. Effect of 2-m.e.v. electron radiation on shear stability of Poltjox solution. 5% aqueous solutions prepared from dry irradiated polymer...

A cold, two-phase mixture of the arenediazonium salt in aqueous solution (prepared in situ from an aniline derivative) and hexane was treated with a solution of NaN, in H20. The aryl azide was extracted into the hexane layer as it formed which, after 2 h. was separated and charged to a polyolefin vessel containing excess anhyd HF. After 4 h the mixture was poured into ice water and rendered alkaline, and the fluoroaniline isolated by extraction and purified by either distillation or crystallization. 

In an aqueous solution containing ammonium perdisulphate only, the ammonium radical is gradually converted into nitric acid, this reaction explaining why the decomposition of ammonium perdisulphate diverges somewhat from the simple unimolecular course 4 (p. 183). Hydrazine in aqueous solution, prepared by the addition of an alkali to hydrazine sulphate, is similarly oxidised to nitrogen by perdisulphates 5... 

Excess of Potassium Chloride. < >n adding a few drops of potassium chromate solution to It) ee. of the aqueous solution, prepared from h gm. of potassium bromide, dried at 100° (1., and dissolved in 100 ee. of water, the solution should not require more than 25.4 ee. of de.oinormal silver nitrate solution to produce a permanent rod color. 

Calcium Chlorides. —20 cc. of the 1 20 aqueous solution prepared by the aid of heat should not be affected by ammonium oxalate solution and it should develop at most a slight opalescence on the addition of silver nitrate solution. 

For the determination of the cadmium-ion concentration in aqueous solutions, prepare chalcogenide glass thin-film materials onto the half of the pH-sensitive LAPS structure (see Section 6.3.1). 

Ammonium dinitramide [ADN, NH4(N02)2] was first synthesized in Russia in 1972 (Luk yanov) and in the U.S. in 1989 (Bottaro, SRI) [132], ADN has been considered as a propellant ingredient due to its calculated performance and lack of chlorine, but its poor density somewhat offsets these advantages (Table 4). A considerable effort has been undertaken to solve its physical problems (poor morphology, high hygroscopicity, low thermal stability) and improve its synthesis [133-138]. In 1991, the first-bench scale synthesis produced material at 4000/lb. By 1997 Bofors had patented a aqueous solution preparation which afforded ADN at 525/lb. ADN is much less thermally stable than AN, probably due to a substantially lower melting point (94°C) and light sensitivity. However, like AN, addition... 

Solubility Constants of Metal Oxides, Metal Hydroxides and Metal Hydroxide Salts in Aqueous Solution, (prepared for publication by W. Feitknecht, P. Schindler) PureAppL Chem. 6 (1963) 130. 

The experiments were run with aqueous solutions prepared on a distilled-water basis. To simulate alkalinity and TDS, the following components were added calcium bicarbonate, 150 g CaCO m calcium chloride, 140 g Cl m and potassium sulphate, 130 g S0 m. Peat and clay extracts were applied to simulate colour (C) and turbidity (T). Three model solutions differing in colour and turbidity concentrations were used. Solution I was clear (T = 0) and showed a high colour concentration (C = 100 g Pt solution II was both... 

Sellers SP, Clark GS, Sievers RE, Carpenter JE. Dry powders of stable protein formulations from aqueous solutions prepared using supercritical C02-assisted aerosolization. / Pharm Sci 2001 90 785-797. 

Sterile aqueous solutions prepared with high purity ascorbic acid and pyrogen-free distilled water in glass-lined equipment under absolute sanitary operations and filled into ampules are necessary for injectable solutions for parenteral use in humans and animals. For all injectable products, it is important to select container, stopper, preservative, and other ingredients that are compatible. 

PDM-337/TAA. In this system, aqueous solutions, prepared from d ionized and triple-distilled water, contained 9.0% by volume of a 63/37 weight-ratio mixture of PDM-337 surfactant (Exxon) and reagent grade tert-amyl alcohol (TAA). The surfactant is 84% active and is primarily the monoethanolamine salt of dodecyl orthoxylene sulfonic acid. Samples were prepared in the salinity range of 0.4 to 2.6 gm NaCl/dl surfactant solution. The NaCl was reagent grade. 

To confirm the presence of 1-amino propan-2-one an authentic sample was obtained and a series of aqueous solutions prepared and injected onto the micro-... 

P NMR characteristics of the aqueous solutions prepared are given in Table 1. 

Typical Aqueous Solution Preparation (70% non-volatile in 2-Bu-toxyethanol). A cold cut was made of 105 grams of the epoxy ester and 45 grams of 2-butoxyethanol. To this solution were added 8.41 grams triemylamine, 100% neutralization based on the pretitrated acidity. Wa-... 

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