Cellular physiology

In contrast to E. coli, B. subtilis cells do not enter a 4-h lag phase. Instead, they continue growth with a generation time of more than 24 h and induce the synthesis of 36 CSPs which function at various levels of cellular physiology, such as protein synthesis, carbohydrate uptake and chemotaxis [120]. 

Wright SH and Dantzler WH. Molecular and cellular physiology of renal organic cation and anion transport. Physiol Rev 2004 84 987-1049. 

Pace-Schott, E. F. Hobson, J. A. (2002). The neurobiology of sleep genetics, cellular physiology and subcortical networks. Nat. Neurosci. Rev. 3, 591-605. 

Park, M. and Tenner, A.J. (2003) Cell surface expression of ClqRP/CD93 is stabilized by O-glycosylation. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 196 (3), 512—522. 

Flow cytometry is an alternative for the studies of pollen allelopathy that offers a more accurate census and a wider range of sizes of pollen that can be analyzed, though it is much more expensive, in terms of the cost and operation of the equipment. It is in fact expensive enough (typically several hundred thousand dollars for the equipment), that the idea has been vetted but few were willing to risk the expense for simply counting as opposed to more sophisticated uses to investigate cellular physiology. 

Pozzan, T., Rizzuto, R., Volpe, P. and Meldolesi, J. Molecular and cellular physiology of intracellular calcium stores. Physiol. Rev. 74 595-636,1994. 

Parekh AB, Penner R 1997 Store depletion and calcium influx. Physiol Rev 77 901-930 Potocnik SJ, Hill MA 2001 Pharmacological evidence for capacitative Ca2+ entry in cannulated and pressurized skeletal muscle arterioles. Br J Pharmacol 134 247-256 Pozzan T, Rizzuto R, Volpe P, Meldolesi J 1994 Molecular and cellular physiology of intracellular calcium stores. Physiol Rev 74 595—636 Putney JW Jr, Broad LM, Braun FJ, Lievremont JP, Bird GS 2001 Mechanisms of capacitative calcium entry. J Cell Sci 114 2223—2229... 

Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, f Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH45267-0576, USA... 

Per Hellstrand Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, BMC F12, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden... 

Parametric uncertainty A great number of bacterial species carry out the transformations of organic load and nutrients in wastewater treatment processes without direct or easily comprehensible relationships between the microbial populations and viability. The role of each bacterial species is fuzzy [30], and aspects such as cellular physiology and its modeling are not easily understood from external measurements [18], [68]. As a first consequence, the kinetics of these transformations is often poorly or inadequately known [66]. Extensive efforts to model the kinetics have been undertaken, but these have not been successful to elucidate how yield coefficients, kinetic parameters and the bacterial population distribution change as a function of both, the influent composition and the operating conditions. 

The structure of an alphavirus particle is simpler than that of all known cellular organelles, but it is built according to the same principles. This is because the viral genome is small and the virus must use for its construction those cellular components normally engaged in the biogenesis of host cell membranes. This means that studies of viral replication can be exploited to study cellular functions at the molecular level. Naturally viral infections also perturb cellular physiology, but there is usually enough time early in infection for studies to be carried out before cellular malfunction becomes a source of error. 

Wolf, D. E. and Edidin, M. (1981) Diffnsion and mobility in surface membranes, in Techniques in Cellular Physiology (Baker, P., ed.), Elsevier, North Holland, pp. 1-14. 

Dexter T. (1982). Stromal cell associated haemopoiesis, J. Cellular Physiology (suppl.) 1, 87-94. D jakonov L.P., Sit kov V.l. Animal ceU in culture (2000) Methods and apphcation in... 

Pluznik D., Sack L. (1965) The cloning of normal mast cells in tissue culture, J. of Cellular Physiology 66, 319-324. 

Puri, P.L. and Sartorelli, V. (2000) Regulation of muscle regulatory factors by DNA-binding, interacting proteins, and post-transcriptional modifications, /ourmil of Cellular Physiology, 185, 155-173. 

A study is being conducted by R.G. Schnellmann (University of Georgia) for the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences to evaluate the mechanism of nephrotoxicity of halocarbons, including hexachlorobutadiene. The mechanism of how metabolites alter proximal tubular cellular physiology to produce toxicity is being investigated, with particular emphasis on the effects of metabolites on mitochondria (CRISP 1993). 

Striessnig, J. (1999) Pharmacology, structure and function of cardiac L-type Ca2 -E channels. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 9, 242-269. 

Since metal ions play key roles in cellular physiological processes many specific reporter molecules have been developed, mostly as fluorescent indicators incorporating extended aromatic and conjugated structures, where the wavelength of fluorescence depends upon specific binding of a metal ion. Several F NMR reporters have been created by addition of fluorine atoms (Table 5). 

Calcium is involved in the regulation of a multitude of cellular physiological processes, and also functions as an intracellular second messenger. Intracellular calcium concentrations can be increased by ... 

Protein synthesis is a central function in cellular physiology and is the primary target of many naturally occurring antibiotics and toxins. Except as noted, these antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria. The differences between bacterial and eukaryotic protein synthesis, though in some cases subtle, are sufficient that most of the compounds discussed below are relatively harmless to eukaryotic cells. Natural selection has favored the evolution of compounds that exploit minor differences in order to affect bacterial systems selectively, such that these biochemical weapons are synthesized by some microorganisms and are extremely toxic to others. Because nearly every step in protein synthesis can be specifically inhibited by one antibiotic or another, antibiotics have become valuable tools in the study of protein biosynthesis. 

Some illustrative examples of transport of Mg2+, Mn2+ and Ca2+ in microbes will be given in this section, and particular attention paid to cation uptake during sporulation. A number of transport processes will be described, which illustrate well the value of cation-selective ionophores in the study of cellular physiology. Excellent reviews of earlier work are available. 177 1BU... 

Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305... 

---