Tests nondestructive method

Doyle, J. L., Bondurant P. D., Johnson, R. F., (1994) Laser-Based Profilometry Point Triangulation Technology forNDE Applications, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Special Nondestructive Methods, Vol. 9, pp. 141-157. 

A rapid, nondestructive method based on determination of the spatial distribution of ATP, as a potential bioindicator of microbial presence and activity on monuments, artworks, and other samples related to the cultural heritage, was developed [57], After cell lysis, ATP was detected using the bioluminescent firefly luciferin-luciferase system and the method was tested on different kinds of surfaces and matrices. Figure 3 reports the localization of biodeteriogen agents on a marble specimen. Sample geometry is a critical point especially when a quantitative analysis has to be performed however, the developed method showed that with opti-... 

Pipeline systems shall be tested after construction to the requirements of this Code except for pretested fabricated assemblies, pretested tie-in sections, and tie-in connections. The circumferential welds of welded tie-in connections not pressure tested after construction shall be examined by radiographic, ultrasonic, or other nondestructive methods in accordance with para. PL-3.19.2. 

Although the high sensitivity of activation analysis is perhaps its most striking advantage, there are a number of other favorable aspects as well. Activation analysis is basically a multielemental technique. Many elements in the sample will become radioactive during the irradiation and if each of these elements can be isolated chemically or instrumentally, their abundances may be determined simultaneously. Activation analysis can be a nondestructive method of analysis. Numerous tests have shown that with careful experimental manipulation, activation analysis is an accurate ( 1% accuracy) and precise ( 5% precision) method of measuring elemental concentrations. 

The integrity of welded structures depends on the integrity of the welds, and much attention is given to testing methods, such as destructive tests, nondestructive tests, and general weld inspection. An objective of many tests is to determine whether welds contain specific defects, such as porosity, slag inclusions, cracks, or lack of fusion (14,15). 

Magnetic Methods. The preceding methods are destructive tests in that the restoration technique permanently alters the speciman. If improper conditions are applied in destructive tests, there is often no second chance to recover the number. Nondestructive methods are therefore especially attractive. Several promising, nondestructive approaches for serial number recovery from ferromagnetic alloys are based on the magnetization behavior of the metal. The potential of this method has been realized (15) but appears not to have been fully exploited. 

The discovery of x-rays provided crystallographers a powerful tool for the thorough determination of crystal structures and unit cell sizes [20-26], X-rays have wavelengths between 0.2 and 10 nm. As x-rays possess dimensions comparable to the interplanar distances in crystals, x-ray crystallography is an ideal nondestructive method for material characterization, since nanometer parameters as well as macroscopic properties of the tested samples can be determined from x-ray diffraction data. 

Nondestructive Testing. Nondestructive testing (NDT) is far more economical than destructive test methods, and every assembly can be tested if desired. Several nondestructive test methods are used to check the appearance and quality of structures made with adhesives or sealants. The main methods are simple ones such as visual inspection, tap, proof, and more advanced physical monitoring such as ultrasonic or radiographic inspection. The most difficult defects to find are those related to improper curing and surface treatments. Therefore, great care and control must be exercised in surface preparation procedures and shop cleanliness. 

Quality control of BDD electrodes is essential and is performed both by nondestructive and destructive testing methods. Nondestructive methods are either routine methods performed on each electrode (Raman spectroscopy to evaluate sp3/sp2... 

Theories and instrumentation of Fourier transform IR spectroscopy and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis are briefly reviewed. The possibility of using these techniques in detection and analysis of acid impurities distributed at surfaces of paper documents produced during the period from 1790 to 1983 is demonstrated. Results show that all of the papers tested contained carboxylic groups. The carboxylic acids found in the paper of 1790 are the results of oxidation and aging. Acids in other papers are due to fiber oxidation as well as the presence of rosin acids. These techniques show promise as nondestructive methods for elucidating chemical characteristics of surfaces of paper documents. 

V. M. Malborta, Testing Hardened Concrete Nondestructive Methods, Iowa State University Press, Ames, la., and American Concrete Instimte, Detroit, Mich., 1976, pp. 136-137. 

The field and laboratory emission cell affords a portable, nondestructive method of testing the surfaces of potential VOC sources. In addition to its utility as a climatic chamber, it provides valuable information on source strength, which can be used for source apportionment and to formulate strategies for emission control. Wolkoff et al. [85] used it to identify emission processes in a number of building materials, while Jarnstrom and Saarela [66] recently utilised it to show that the dominant source of 2,2,4-trimethyl-l,3-pentadiol-diisobutyrate in the indoor air of some problem apartments was the floor surface. 

Nondestructive methods such instrumental methods in fact only require simple pretreatment which does not require the extemporaneous physical destruction of the test sample. In fact, some of so-called nondestructive techniques do not leave the sample unaffected. Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis affects the sample in so far that the elements are radioactively transformed. The sample after analysis becomes radioactive and cannot be considered as unaffected Fully nondestructive techniques are limited to a few number of techniques applied in certain situations they are particularly rare for the quantitative analysis of solid materials H NMR, NIR, Raman, XRF and related techniques, etc. 

The test methods are subdivided into two categories, destructive and nondestructive methods. One of the latter, the ultrasonic method , is applied in special fields of adhesive technology, for example, in aircraft construction. It is based on the fact that sound waves in test pieces propagate differently, in dependence on the evenness of their structure, which can be disturbed by the presence of pores or imperfections, thus enabling the recording of failures. 

The integrity of sterilizing fillers is most often validated and routinely monitored by nondestructive methods. The U.S., European, and U.K. guidelines on sterile filtration refer to four methods of integrity measurement filtration flow rate, bubble point tests, diffusion (forward flow) tests, and pressure hold tests. Each of these has its uses in determining that routinely used filters are per-forming to the same standards as those validated for the particular products and processes. 

The extracts of biological samples usually contain high concentration of lipids which must be removed before the analysis. Particularly if GC is used in the analysis, efficient removal of lipids is crucial. As the concentrations of many liphophilic FRs are related to the amount of lipids, the lipid content is often measured gravimetrically prior to the cleanup, or determined separately by a total lipid determination. Lipids can be removed by destructive or nondestructive methods. For serum or plasma samples, the lipid determination can be conveniently done on separate aliquots by enzymatic tests. 

Use of these nondestructive methods, applied sequentially and routinely to test materials exposed In biological environments of concern, has been illustrated previously In studies of the fouling of food processing equipment (14). 

Nondestructive methods are advantageous and indeed essential when 100% of the output is being tested. The tests should be simple and inexpensive, and automation will probably aid the rapidity of testing. Tests related to product performance are preferred. 

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