Specific Intensity

The rain test simulates the effects of rainfaU the hydrostatic head on the spray controls the intensity of spraying. The repeUency is rated by the weight of water that penetrates the fabric and is absorbed by a blotter mounted behind the fabric at a specific intensity of spraying (AATCC Test Methods 35 and 42 INDA Standard Test 80.2-92). 

The origin of this rule lies in the expression for the specific volume of the wet vapor, V = qV + (1 - q)V,. The specific intensive properties of the wet vapor are obtained readily from the individual properties of its component phases by an analogous equation ... 

Lidocaine (Xylocaine), die representative class I-B drug, raises the threshold of the ventricular myocardium. Threshold is a term applied to any stimulus of the lowest intensity that will give rise to a response in a nerve fiber. A stimulus must be of a specific intensity (strength, amplitude) to pass along a given nerve fiber (Fig. 40-2). 

Consider continuous radiation with specific intensity I incident normally on a uniform slab with a source function 5 = Bv(Tex) unit volume per unit solid angle to the volume absorption coefficient Kp and is equal to the Planck function Bv of an excitation temperature Tcx obtained by force-fitting the ratio of upper to lower state atomic level populations to the Boltzmann formula, Eq. (3.4). For the interstellar medium at optical and UV wavelengths, effectively S = 0. 

The specific intensity is (c/47t)x the radiation energy density and all photons ever emitted are still here (in the absence of intergalactic absorption). Their energy is reduced by a factor of (1 + z), which is taken up by the dv factor in any energy interval Ivdv, leaving Iv unchanged. 

The mass-spectrometric fingerprint —that is, the abundance of up to 900 single properties in the form of m/z with specific intensities—was shown to be most sensitive to detect, prove, and visualize even minor differences between samples, by the use of appropriate statistical procedures. This is independent on the specific sample properties (dissolved/solid, fractionated/nonfraction-ated) and was shown to disclose agronomic (fertilizer, manure, or crop-specific impacts on SOM quality), and ecological (parent material-metabolite, consumer-food, plant-soil) interrelationships. 

As for the dependence of ko(Tw), the specific intensity of phytoplankton photosynthesis first increases as temperature change increases, reaching at some point an optimal value for p, and then, as temperature further increases it begins to decrease. Near the maximum the following approximation is often used ... 

The emitted beam has both a specific intensity distribution profile and specific polarization properties. High-accuracy methods of computation of SR allow the calculation of the spectral flux and intensity distributions of emitted radiation in the near- and in the far-field regions.24 In Fig. 3.3(a) three distribution profiles... 

If thermal emission outside the focal volume is ignored, the specific intensity observed outside the flame is... 

To elucidate further the mechanism of local heterogeneity as evidenced by the division of fluid flow into the two phases, a term called mass-specific intensity of particle-fluid interaction Im is proposed ... 

For the dense and the dilute phases, the corresponding mass-specific intensities of particle-fluid interaction are... 

Fig. 14. Mass-specific intensity of G/S interaction in different phases (FCC/air, G 50 kg/m2s).

In addition to mass-specific intensity of particle-fluid interaction, volume-specific intensity / is another important criterion for evaluating particle-fluid contacting in a system. From Section IV.B, Wst is itself a measure of volume-specific intensity of particle-fluid interaction, that is,... 

Figure 15 maps the variation of this volume-specific intensity with gas velocity Ut and solids flow rate Gs. The subfigure at the top shows the shadowed cross-section for Gs = 80 kg/(m2s). Maximal Iv corresponds to the most efficient particle-fluid contacting per unit volume, and IFst should be integrated volumetrically to yield the global effectiveness of particle-fluid contacting in a reactor. 

K volume-specific intensity of particle-fluid interaction, [J/sm3]... 

Employing the spectral specific intensity, it is then possible to write a photon balance in a bounded volume as follows (Cassano et al., 1995 Ozisik, 1973) ... 

The emission model is based on the following assumptions (1) the lamp has an extension given by its used length (Z ) and its radius (Rl), in this extension, emitters are uniformly distributed. (2) Each elementary volume of the lamp is an emitter. The specific intensity associated with each bundle of radiation coming from each emitter, at each wavelength, is spherical. 

According to Cassano et al. (1995), knowing the value of the specific intensity at each point, the value of the Incident Radiation... 

As a means of comparing the absolute integrated intensities of the carbonyl stretching vibrations of a wide range of complexes of varying molecular symmetries and of differing numbers of carbonyl groups, Noack 109) used the specific intensity of each compound. This is defined as the intensity... 

As Beck and Nitzmann(74) observed, the specific intensities of the species V(CO)g , Cr(CO)g, and Mn(CO)6, which are, respectively, 947, 610 and 252 X 10 liter mole" cm as measured in tetrahydrofuran, show a rather striking linear dependence upon the formal oxidation state of the control metal atom. The same trend also occurs for the species W(CO)6 and Re(CO)6" , and it is taken to indicate the availability of the d metal electron density. In fact, there is now a considerable body of data available to support the general conclusion that the intensities of the carbonyl stretching vibrations of an isoelectronic and isostructural series of derivatives increase steadily from cations through neutral molecules to anions. For examples, compare the following pairs of species Ni(CO)4, Co(CO)4- (Table I) M(CO)5X, M (CO)sX- (Table II) w-M(CO)4X2, cw-M (CO)4X2 (Table III) and less rigorously M2(CO),o, HM2 (CO),o (Table VII). Beck and Nitzmann also concluded that the effect on intensities on going from a less polar to a more polar solvent increased from cation... 

Compound Solvent" xio rl, [liter mole fli E cm" ] Specific intensity References... 

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