Technological economics

The reaction involves passage of propylene plus some propane diluent and an excess of benzene upwards over the supported acid catalyst at 230°C and 35 atm. Propylene conversion is high and the reactor product is flashed to recover propane plus a little propylene for recycle. Liquid product is then distilled to recover unreacted benzene, which is also recycled, and the crude product then distilled to give pure cumene and a small residue of fuel-value heavy ends. 

For a process plant which is currently operating, the table can be drawn up using best data from plant records of operation under steady conditions and then used as a standard cost table to monitor subsequent operation of the unit. In the case of a new project being considered to manufacture a chemical by a new process under development, a comparable table can be drawn up using available information to indicate targets to be achieved to provide an economically attractive operation. 

There are several ways of sub-dividing the components which make up the full cost of a chemical the method used depends on the purpose for which the information is required. Traditionally accountants like to divide costs into variable and fixed elements and this split is useful when considering the costs of an integrated works, an individual production unit or a single product. 

Scale of Production 100000 tonnes/year— Operating costs operation at full capacity mOlyear tjtonne Cumene 

Propylene 0-38 tonnes/tonne of product 305/tonne (propene) 11590 116 

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L. Grainger andj. Gibson, Coal Utilisation Technology, Economics Policy, King s English Bookprinters, Leeds, UK, 1981. 

M. Baems, "Progress in Methane Conversion Science—Technology—Economics," paper presented at SPUNG Seminar, Norway, Sept. 24—25, 1991. 

Limitations based upon application of the best practicable control technology currently available (BPT) apply to existing point-sources and should have been achieved by July 1, 1977. Limitations based upon application of the BATEA (Best Available Technology Economically Achievable) that will result in reasonable further progress toward elimination of discharges had to be achieved by July 1, 1984. 

Boyce, M.P., Improving Perfoimiance with Condition Monitoring —Power Plant Technology Economics and Maintenance, March/April 1996, pp. 52-55. 

BAT means the best available technology economically achievable under the U.S. Federal Act Section 304(b)(2)(B). 

Best available technology economically achievable (BAT) guidelines for the control of nonconventional and toxic pollutants (trichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol, which are chemicals used as biocides)... 

BAT, best available technology economically achievable TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin TCDF, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran. 

Marion, P., Axens Clean Fuels Technologies, in 4th International Conference on Petroleum Refining Technology Economics in Russia, the CIS and Baltics. 2002, 21-23 October. Axens-IFP. 

We thank all the authors for their contributions and the time and effort they dedicated to compiling this book, which helped to make it a comprehensive and state-of-the-art overview of the technological, economical, commercial and regulatory aspects of Molecular Farming. We also gratefully acknowledge the help and support of Dr. Richard Twyman and the team at Wiley. Without all their help, this book would not have been possible. 

The symposium, again, attracted strong support. Of the papers submitted, 26 were selected for presentation to address the latest technological, economic, political, environmental and safety developments facing the industry today. 

Altmann, M., Niebauer, P., Pschorr-Schoberer, E. and Zittel, W. (2000). WHySE wind-hydrogen supply of electricity markets - technology - economics. Wind Power for the 21st Century Conference, September 25-27, 2000, Kassel (Germany). www. hyweb. de/Wissen/pdf/windpwOO.pdf. 

Effluent reduction using best available technology economically achievable (BAT) 1-day maximum 30-day average 0.10 kg/kkg 0.021 kg/kkg ... 

ACGIH = American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists AW = Aquatic and Wildlife BAT = Best Available Technology Economically Achievable CELDs = Computer-aided Environmental Legislative Database CFR = Code of Federal Regulations ... 

The EPA has established four different control technologies for the petroleum refining industry best practicable control technology (BPT), best available technology economically achievable (BAT), best conventional pollutant control technology (BCT), and new source performance standards (NSPS). Table 13 shows the BPT and NSPS standards that must be met by the various subcategories (40 CFR Part 419). The limitations for BPT actually incorporate those of both BAT and BCT for this industry. 

Note pH (within the range of 6.0 to 9.0) BPT incorporates BAT and BCT BPT, best practicable control technology NS, new source performance standards BOD, biochemical oxygen demand TSS, total suspended solids COD, chemical oxygen demand O G, oil and grease BAT, best available technology economically achievable BCT, best conventional pollutant control technology. 

BPT, best practicabie control technology currently available BAT, best available technology economically available BCT, best conventional pollutant control technology NSPS, standards of performance for new sources. 

The solid wastes produced by industrial operations pose a problem similar to that of municipal solid wastes simply the volume of waste produced annually. The volume of industrial solid wastes generated in the United States is roughly twice that of MSW, about 570 million short tons (518 million metric tons) in 2000. But industrial solid wastes also pose a very different kind of problem in that they also contain a number of chemical elements and compounds that are hazardous to the health of humans, other animals, and plants. These elements and compounds are classified as hazardous wastes. Hazardous wastes pose a variety of technological, economic, and... 

Gas-to-Liquid Technology, Economic Impact and its Relevance to Society. 

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