Comparative table

Experimental Values of Charge-Generation Efficiencies. In this section the charge-generation efficiencies of many polymeric photoconductors are compared (Table 3). When the experimental data has been fitted to the Onsager model, the initial electron—hole separation distance,... 

Graphical. A tabular presentation offers the ultimate in precision because all data are included. It is, however, inconvenient to compare tables. 

Burton and Finar published a comparative table of calculations on pyrazole (29) (70JCS(B)1692). That table, updated with recent references and extended to the pyrazole anion (30) and cation (31), is the present Table 2. 

The application of the foregoing routes has led to the preparation and characterization of fluorides of virtually every element in the periodic table except the three lightest noble gases, Fie, Ne and Ar. The structures, bonding, reactivity, and industrial applications of these compounds will be found in the treatment of the individual elements and it is an instructive exercise to gather this information together in the form of comparative tables. 

Sea water of normal salinity, in equilibrium with the atmosphere, has the following oxygen contents (compare Table 2.14) ... 

The epoxidation of divinyl carbinol constitutes a special case of a dienol epoxida-tion, as the starting diene is not conjugated (Scheme 9.10). Desymmetrization by SAE, followed by a Payne rearrangement, furnishes the vinylepoxide in high yield and with excellent enantioselectivity (compare Table 9.2, Entry 1) [43]. 

With respect to the nucleophilic addition of organocopper reagents, a sharp contrast between the rigid isopropylidene glyceraldehyde and its open-chained analog, 2,3-bis(benzyloxy)propanal. was observed (compare Tables 15 and 16). With the isopropylidene-protected aldehyde a high syn diastereoselectivity could only be obtained when tetrahydrofuran was used as reaction solvent, and the diastereoselectivity dropped considerably in diethyl ether. In contrast, the latter solvent allows excellent syn selectivities in additions to the dibenzyl-protected glyceraldehyde81. On the other hand, tetrahydrofuran yields better results than diethyl ether in the... 

A series of phosphine complexes with cw-PtP2Cl2 geometries have been compared (Table 3.17). 

The activities of two catalysts, C150-1-01 and another commercial catalyst, were compared (Table XVIII). Catalyst activity was determined (a) from the literature data using their kinetics, and (b) by Equation 5. Then the same procedure was followed for the C150-1-01 catalyst using typical data. The activity ratios are presented in Table XVIII. 

Another problem that required solving was the moderate yield obtained in the cyclopropanation reaction when only one equivalent of styrene was used. By increasing the amount of styrene up to its use as the reaction solvent, a noticeable effect on the selectivities was observed when laponite was used as the support [58]. The active role of the clay support was definitely estabhshed when the results in homogeneous and heterogeneous phases were compared (Table 9). These effects involved the reversal of the trans preference in solution to the cis preference with the laponite-supported catalyst in styrene, and also a reversal in the absolute configuration of the major cis enantiomer ob-... 

To establish the validity of the numerical scalar technique for RTD analysis, the normalized exit age distribution curve of both counter-current (Figure 1 (a-b)) and cocurrent (Figure 1 (c-d)) flow modes were compared. Table 1 shows that a good agreement was obtained between CFD simulation and experimental data. 

Following are some examples of safety factors selected by choosing from the comparative table of LC50, LVE, MVE and IDLH substances, which are hardly, moderately and highly toxic. The vapour pressures of the substances come from the tables in Part Three, the estimation techniques in paragraph 1.1.2 should be applied, if need be. 

Vreactor=70 ml VCh=Vrcn=10 ml (0.045 mole) 111 1 =0.3 g PH2=80 bar (at RT) was not maintained during reaction NH3/RCN=0.25 without ammonia, selectivity of SB is higher at lower temperatures. The selectivity to RNH2 decreased with reaction time for the experiment performed without NH3. The apparent activation energy of the hydrogenation of RCN on RNi-L catalyst was 30.5 kJ/mol, which is close to the value 46 kJ/mol measured in the liquid phase hydrogenation of acetonitrile on CoB amorphous alloy catalyt [7], RNi-C is more active than RNi-L catalyst (compare Table 1 No 4 and 6 and Table 2 No 7 and 8). 

The ligands synthesized were also apphed to the isomerizing hydroformylation of more reactive 2-pentene. At 120 °C/ 20 bar quantitative conversion of olefin to aldehydes was achieved within 40 min. Trends similar to those described for internal octene hydroformylation were found. The regioselectivity obtained for the individual ligands tends to be 5% higher compared to that for the octenes. Thus, in the presence of 10 75% of n-hexanal were determined, compare Table 3. Obviously, 2-pentene is able to react more smoothly to the terminal isomer compared to olefins having the double bond in an more internal position. Illustrative for this effect are also literature results obtained for 2- and 4-octene.4,5... 

The results based on EUROSTAT cannot be compared directly to the data from Zoeteman et al. [1] or Lepwasky and McNabb [16]. They present the amount of e-waste generated but do not report export destinations. What can be compared is the structure of e-waste. Comparing Tables 4 and 5 it can be established that while Zoeteman et al. [1] point out household appliances as important trade fraction, data from EUROSTAT [14] allow the conclusion that IT and consumer equipment is of special importance in e-waste trade. 

Fig. 8.1 Wong s evolutionary map shows possible relationships between code words. The codons in boxes correspond to today s code words (compare Table 8.1). The codons for Asp and Glu in dotted boxes refer to these amino acids in a very early evolutionary stage of the genetic code. Single-headed arrows refer to the biosynthetic relationships between precursor and product, while double-headed arrows refer to reciprocal formation possibilities. All pairs of codon units (irrelevant of whether they are linked by single- or double-headed arrows) differ only in one single base change (Wong, 1975)...

On the other hand Wells (1949) provided strong evidence against the validity of the Schoemaker—Stevenson rule. Futhermore, if for the pairs VINi2+—X, VIFe2+—X and VICo2+—X the sums of Pauling s crystal and covalent radii are compared (Table 5), it is clear that the covalent distances are predicted to be shorter than the ionic distances. Roth (1967) in a comparison of the sums of ionic radii with observed... 

It is interesting to note that cleavage takes place at the GeX rather than the GeR bond. In this case, as with the direct reduction, the ET step (k2) is rate-determining whereas k3 is fast and, despite the fact that reduction potentials of R3GeX are somewhat dependent on X, k2 could be calculated (Table 16). It is noted, however, that tabulated half-wave reduction potentials of the mediators appear to be higher than those of R3GeX (compare Table 16 with Table 3) though they appear very close on the CV trace. 

The gas A must transfer from the gas phase to the liquid phase. Equation (1) describes the specific (per m2) molar flow (JA) of A through the gas-liquid interface. Considering only limitations in the liquid phase, this molar flow notably depends on the liquid molecular diffusion coefficient DAL (m2 s ). Based on the liquid state theories, DA L can be calculated using the Stokes-Einstein expression, and many correlations have been developed in order to estimate the liquid diffusion coefficients. The best-known example is the Wilke and Chang (W-C) relationship, but many others have been established and compared (Table 45.4) [28-33]. 

To obtain a good enantiomeric excess, the ligand synthesis and the reduction reaction need to be carried out under strictly anhydrous conditions. The addition of the substrate needs to be as slow as possible. Table 11.3 gives some examples of the different substrates that can be reduced by the hydro-xysulfoximine-borane catalyst described. Other examples are given in the comparative Table 11.4. Concerning the synthesis of the catalyst, the yield can dramatically decrease if the reaction conditions are not strictly anhydrous. 

In total, 185 substances were found in the wing-sac liquid of male S. bilineata from a Costa Rican population. For a more detailed analysis the relative peak area of thirteen focus compounds was compared (Table 14.1). Of these nine were male-specific substances (indole, indol-3-carboxaldehyde, indole-3-carboxylic acid, 2-aminoacetophenon, anthranilic acid, SHJOH-dipyrrolofl -aT -dJpyrazine-5,10-dione (pyrocoll), indolo[2,l-b]quinazoline-6,12-dione (tryptanthrin), 2,6,10-trimethyl-3-oxo-6,10-dodecadienolide, and a compound C15H24O2 of unknown structure), three were fatty acids (tetradecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, and octadecanoic acid), and one a steroid (cholesterol). On average, the cumulative peak area of these substances made up 62.5 20.7% of the whole chromatogram area. 

To get the characters for the representation of subduced by a given representation of S, we just copy down the characters of that representation for the elements of which are also in . This is done for the irreducible representations of 4 subduced onto D2< in Table 3. Comparing Tables 2 and 3, and using the standard formula for finding the irreducible parts of a representation by means of the characters, we see that the representations subduced by. T<8> and /1<5) contain / ( )... 

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