Tonne oil equivalent

TTOE = Thousand Tonnes Oil Equivalent MTOE = Million Tonnes Oil Equivalent KWs = Kilowatts... 

From billion cubic meters NG billion cubic feet NG million tonnes oil equivalent million tonnes LNG trillion British thermal units million barrels oil equivalent... 

Fuel type Reserves (billion tonnes oil equivalent) Resources ) (billion tonnes oil equivalent)... 

Coal has been used for centuries. Roman historians describe coal as a heating source, and coal was probably used in China 2000 years ago. Early coal mining was small scale and based on coal lying either on or very close to the surface. With the Industrial Revolution and the use of steam engines, coal became the preferred fuel and deep shaft mining became popular. Today, coal production has reached 3.3 billion tonnes oil equivalent (Table 5.1.30). 

Coal Combustion and Electricity Production World coal consumption is about 3.3 billion tonnes oil equivalent annually (2008), of which about 75% is used for to generate electricity. Coal currently supplies about 39% of the world s electricity, 4% based on lignite and 35% based on black (hard) coal (RWE, 2005). For electricity generation, coal is usually pulverized and burned in a furnace with a boiler to produce steam that is used in turbines to create electricity with about 40% efficiency for the entire process. In addition to electricity production, 13% of the global coal production is burned in the domestic and non-metallic industry, for example, for cement production. 

At the onset of WWII in 1939, the total fuel consumption in Germany was 6 million tonnes oil equivalent. Imports from overseas accounted for 60% of the total supply, 10% were imported overland from European sources (mainly Romania), and 10% were based on domestic oil production. Only the remaining 20% was produced synthetically from coal. This high proportion of imports indicates how precarious the fuel situation was as Germany was cut off from them by the blockade that began at the beginning of World War II. At that time (and still today), four methods of synthetic fuel production from coal were available ... 

Coal is expressed in billion tonnes of coal (multiply by 0.66 to give billion tonnes of oil equivalent). 

Natural gas is expressed in trillion (10 ) cubic metres (multiply by 0.86 to give billion tonnes of oil equivalent). Uranium is expressed in million (10 ) tonnes of uranium (multiply by 0.245 to give billion tonnes of oil equivalent). Life is in year. 

Calorific equivalents One tonne of oil equivalent equals approximately ... 

The biggest single user of charcoal remains the Brazilian iron and steel industry. In 1990 this industry was estimated to have an annual charcoal consumption rate of around 5 million toe (tonnes of oil equivalent) [3]. However, the amounts used can vary markedly from year to year. This is reflected in the figures for Brazilian industry as a... 

Energy usage energy usage has remained relatively constant at around 2.1 million tonnes of oil equivalent since 1996, with a 4% improvement in energy use per net sales during 1999. 

Group discharges fell from 1990 to 1994, then increased to a peak of 30000 tonnes S02 equivalents in 1998. During 1999 the figures fell to approximately 25 000 tonnes, with improved production efficiencies in all businesses except Oil/Energy. Agri is still the main contributor ... 

Table 4.12 Estimated total reserves of fossil fuels (after World Energy Council 2002). Approximate conversion to tonnes of oil equivalent based on energy equivalence factors of 1.07 for natural gas liquids (condensate), 0.9 for heavy oils, 0.7 for hard coals, 0.47 for brown coals, 0.23 for peat and 0.861 per 103m3 for gas (1 tonne crude oil = c.7.3 barrels = c.l.lbm3)...

Table 1.2 Energy used in container production (tonnes of oil equivalent, TOE)...

Figure 1.4 World primary energy demand per year, 1970—2030. Mtoe represents 10 tonnes of oil equivalent, which is a convenient unit for comparing very large quantities of energy in different forms 1 Mtoe = 4.18 x 10 TJ. Other sources quote oil production in mega barrels ( 1 Mb = 10 barrels) or giga barrels (1 Gb= 10 barrels) see Figure 1.5. There are 7.3—7.4 barrels per tonne, as dictated by the density of the oil.

Finally, the world literature on energy production and consumption is plagued by a proliferation of measurement units. Variously, data are presented in terms of the International System of Units (SI, e.g., metres, pascals, joules), traditional industry-based units e.g., barrels of oil, kilowatt hours of electricity, million tonnes of oil equivalent) and, especially in the USA, Imperial units e.g., miles, British thermal units of heat, quads of energy, cubic feet of natural gas, bars of pressure). For the expression of time, however, units of days and years are generally more appropriate than the SI unit (seconds) in this field. In order to assist readers in translating units into those with which they are familiar, a set of conversion factors has been included. 

Fig. 3.1 do bal primary energy consumption since 1955 in millions of tonnes of oil equivalent. Data from [3]. 

Tables. World primary energy consumption 1965-2003 (in million tonnes of oil equivalent, Mtoe).

The world energy consumption at the beginning of this decade was 12 billion tonnes of oil equivalent (toe), and 87 % is generated by burning fossil fuels (oil 33.7 %, natural gas 23.6 % and coal 29.7 %) [1], which are non-renewable and increase the CO2 content of the atmosphere, considered as the major man-made... 

MTOE = millions of tonnes of oil equivalent. Source Reference 3. 

---