Systems competency

With this Planning for the Future example set forth, this chapter will focus on describing the three competency-based outcomes categorized from the data presented in Chapter 2. Each competency, systems, sustainability and ethics, is defined based on recent theories, contextualized based on recent research, and finally synthesized based on assessment rubrics. This is done to address the above Statement of the Problem, Paradigms and pedagogy regarding the need for competency mastery in mechanical engineering education need to be created and/or enriched so that the DNA double helix model of content and competency development can be enacted widely. With that Statement of the Problem in mind, the first competency, systems competency, is presented next. 

Further, the engineer must be able to contextualize practice beyond the organization and its customers to society broadly. The engineer must be able to comprehend engineering practice as a part of the global economic, political and human machine. 

Transnational Crime, then it will increase the capacities to decide and reduce human trafficking, particularly of women, thereby improving the status of women, Global Challenge 11, Status of Women, or 

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Amino groups may act not only as proton acceptor, but also as proton donor. Acidic N—H protons interact with basic solvents. In these cases an ortho-nitro group in an aniline system competes with the solvent by an internal hydrogen bond66, as depicted in 12. The stretching frequencies (by IR spectra in carbon tetrachloride) of vnh of complexes between A-methylaniline or diphenylamine (and some nitro-anilines66) and solvents depend on the proton accepting ability of the solvent (which is a moderate base)67. The frequency shifts are linearly related to the solvent s donor number (DN)3. 

The herbicidal activity of the bipyridyliums depends on their redox properties. Their abilities as one-electron acceptors of the right redox potential (-350 mV for diquat and -450 mV for paraquat) allow them to siphon electrons out of the photosynthetic electron-transport system, competing with the natural acceptors. The radical anion produced is then reoxidized by oxygen, generating the real toxicant, hydrogen peroxide, which damages plant cells. Structure-activity relationships in this series have been reviewed (60MI10701). 

Amplification of Chirality. Perhaps the most striking of the nonclas-sical aspects that emerge from the enantioselective alkylation is the phenomenon illustrated in Scheme 22 (3, 14, 16, 20k, 40). A prominent nonlinear relation that allows for catalytic chiral amplification exists between the enantiomeric purity of the chiral auxiliary and the enantiomeric purity of the methylation or ethylation product (Scheme 23). Typically, when benzaldehyde and diethylzinc react in the presence of 8 mol % of (-)-DAIB of only 15% ee [(-) (+) = 57.5 42.5], the S ethylation product is obtained in 95% ee. This enantiomeric excess is close to that obtained with enantiomerically pure (—)-DAIB (98%). Evidently, chiral and achiral catalyst systems compete in the same reaction. The extent of the chiral amplification is influenced by many factors including the concentration of dialkylzincs, benzaldehyde, and chiral... 

The 1.5 V lithium iron sulfide system competes directly with the alkaline manganese system for high-performance electronic applications. It gives better high-rate performance than the alkaline manganese system. The other main commercial systems are the 3 V lithium carbon monofluoride (Li-CFx) system, and the lithium manganese dioxide (Li-Mn02) system. 

In other words, for the forward reaction the rate at which an individual A molecule transforms into a B molecule in the reaction A B does not depend on NA or [A], This assumption is valid if each molecule of A does not interact with other A molecules (even indirectly) in transforming from A to B. Similarly for the reverse reaction, if j does not depend on [B] the reverse kinetics are governed by the law of mass action. (The mass-action assumption is not valid for the overall reaction, for example, if the reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme and the number of sites available for interaction with the enzyme depends on the total number of A and B molecules in the system competing for the enzyme. We shall see that when an enzyme catalyzes a reaction A = B, the overall reaction is typically modeled by a number of subreactions, each of which is governed by mass action.)... 

As the equations show, linear correlations with the variables tr and a gave satisfactory results. This is certainly a simplification resulting from limited variance in the substituents. One would assume that square terms of the hydrophobic parameter are necessary in every correlation with biological activity not only to account for the random walk penetration process as in the original derivation of his equation by Hansch, but also, or even predominantly, as a description of the fact that numerous indifferent hydrophobic sites within the biological system compete with the site of action for the active molecule. In a first attempt we calculated regression equations for our hydrazones with the molecular parameter... 

The electrocyclic ring-closure reaction proceeds exclusively in the S state and yields solely the trans product by a conrotatory mode of reaction, as is to be expected from Table 7.3 for a 6 r-electron system. Competing reactions are cis-trans isomerization (cf. Section 7.1.4) and intersystem crossing to T,. From the T, state, generally only cis-trans isomerization is observed. Stilbenes with substituents that enhance spin inversion, such as Br, RCO, and NO2, do not undergo the cyclization reaction efficiently. 

Substances transported by the same transport system compete with each other and the more slowly a drug is transported the more effective it is at inhibiting the transport of another. 

The discussion of alcohol distillation processes presented in this publication is not intended to teach process design, but rather understanding. The following references should be useful in further developing that understanding. If a decision is made to pursue the design and development of a small-scale alcohol production and distillation system, competent technical consultant(s) should be employed. 

Without the increasingly dependent tribalist, the citizen and the barbarian could use our surplusses to create a progressively refined utopia. But not only the surplus, but the system s working capital is squandered for their upkeep. This beggars systems and keeps them on a constant war footing as each system competes for resources to maintain their increasing burden of increasingly parasitic tribalists. 

Increasing the amount of heparin injected correspondingly increases the maximum response up to a limit. For the effect on coagulation, the limit is set by the amount of heparin cofactor present in the plasma for the effect on lipaemia, this is set by the amount of enzyme available for immediate mobilization. Further, each of these systems competes with the other for heparin . Both of these limiting factors can be decreased by repeated injection of heparin or heparinoid. 

The conditions for probes to be suitable for direct spectroscopic studies have been discussed in Section II.A. The mobility of the probe between two compartments (i.e., the homogenous phase and the complexation site in the supramolecular system) competes with the decay of the excited triplet states in those compartments. This competition is only possible if the probe s excited state lifetime is either very much longer or of the order of magnitude of the rates for association and dissociation from the supramolecular system. Conceptually, the mechanism is analogous to the formation of excimers and the observation of monomer and excimer emission. The solution for the kinetic equations has been described for excimers several decades ago [179] and can be directly applied to the decay for triplet states in the presence of an organized system. This method assumes that at a particular wavelength the molar absorptivity of the free (P) and complexed triplet state (HP) are different. The absorbance is thus related to the sum of the probe concentrations ... 

Such competition assays can be used to determine the similarity of antigens in the same system competing for a single antiserum. The slopes of the competition lines can be compared to obtain a measure of antigenic relatedness. 

What is of critical interest in regard to this competency is that a lack of systems competency produces consequences that may be catastrophic, long term, and irreparable. The costs of systems competency gaps are staggering when the impacts of this type of dysfunction in engineering practice are calculated. In some cases, the losses are explicit, but in other cases, the losses are oblique. A simple cost-benefit analysis of a handful of disasters caused by a lack of systems competency is impetus enough to attack this problem and make the investment needed to foster its development. 

Therefore, it is argued that systems competency should be a part of the DNA of mechanical engineering education based on the mental model presented earlier of content and competency mastery. A continuing examination of planning for the future of mechanical engineering education is presented. A second competency gap, the sustainability competency, is described next. 

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