Systematic nomenclature, polymer

The first attempt to formulate a systematic nomenclature for polymers was based on the smallest repeating stmctural unit it was pubHshed in 1952 by a Subcommission on Nomenclature of the lUPAC Commission on Macromolecules (95). The report covered not only the naming of polymers, but also symbology and definitions of terms. However, these nomenclature recommendations did not receive widespread acceptance. Further progress was slow, with a report on steric regularity in high polymers pubHshed in 1962 and updated in 1966 (96). 

In addition to structure-based and source-based names, there are traditional names (or retained names) for polymers which are widely used, particularly in industry but also in academia. When they meet the requirements of utility and when they fit into the general pattern of systematic nomenclature, these traditional names are retained. The following... 

A Systematic Nomenclature for Cascade Dendritic Polymers [G. R. Baker, J. K. Young, Chapt. 5, pp. 169-186]. 

Union of Pure and Applied Chemists (IUPAC) has developed systematic nomenclature rules for polymers. As is the case with many small-molecule organic compounds, the IUPAC names are often complex and cumbersome. Therefore, polymer scientists often use common or abbreviated names, sometimes even product names. Poly[l- methoxycarbonyl)-l-methylethylene] (IUPAC) is almost always referred to as poly(methyl methacrylate), or PMMA, or even Lucite. IUPAC discourages the use of trademarked names, however unless it is importanfto refer to a specific commercial product. The IUPAC Macromolecular Nomenclature Commission recognizes a number of trivial names for common polymers (Metanomski 1999). 

Phosphorous is a five-valent element, and its natural oxide is P2O5, phosphorous pentoxide. It is a highly hygroscopic powder and readily reacts with water to form phosphoric acid (H3PO4). This acid when reacted with various aUcaline compounds forms phosphates. These and other modified compounds are linear or chain, cyclic or ring, and branch chain polymers. Because these compounds are polymeric, phosphates can provide a continuous structure and, hence, form good ceramics. The reader is referred to Topics in Phosphorus Chemistry by Westman [1] for details. Because of the variety of polymeric compounds formed by phosphorous, a systematic nomenclature is used in phosphate chemistry. 

CONTENTS Introduction to the Series An Editor s Foreword, Albert Padwa, Emory University. Preface, George R. Newkome, University of South Florida. A Review of Dendritic Macromolecules, George R. Newkome and Charles N. Moorefield, University of South Florida. Stiff Dendritic Macromolecules Based on Phenylacetylenes, Zhifu Xu, Benjamin Kyan, and Jeffery S. Moore, The University of Michigan. Preparation and Properties of Monodisperse Aromatic Dendritic Macromolecules, Thomas X. Neenan, Timothy M. Miller, Elizabeth W. Kwock, and Harvey E. Bair, AT T Bell Laboratories. High-Spin Polyarylmethyl Polyradicals, Andrzej Rajca, University of Nebraska. A Systematic Nomenclature for Cascade (Dendritic) Polymers, Gregory R. Baker and James K. Young, University of South Florida. Index. 

There is no systematic nomenclature for aromatic polyamides however, several codes can be found in the literature. Poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide) is referred to as MPD-I or MPDI, poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) is referred to as PPTA or PPD-T, and copoly(p-phenylene/3,4 -diphenyl ether terephthalamide) is referred to as ODA/PPTA or HM-50. Another important polymer, although not... 

The lUPAC Macromolecular Nomenclature Commission has developed a systematic nomenclature for polymers (Al, A2). The Commission recognized, however, that a number of common polymers have semisystematic or trivial names that are well established by usage. For the reader s convenience, the recommended trivial name (or the source-based name) of the polymer is given under the polymer structure, and then the structure-based name is given. For example, the trivial name, polystyrene, is a source-based name, literally the polymer made from styrene. The structure-based name, poly(l-phenylethylene), is useful both in addressing people who may not be familiar with the structure of polystyrene and in cases where the polymer is not well known. This book uses a source-based nomenclature, unless otherwise specified. The following structures are lUPAC recommended. 

Polysilene is a structure-based name according to the systematic nomenclature rules of lUPAC [e.g., K. Kabeta, K. Shuto, S.-l. Sugi, T. hnai. Polymer 37,4327 (1996)]. 

Polymer compounds can be named according to the systematic nomenclature or the traditional nomenclature. 

Because of the elaborateness of the systematic nomenclature, it is usually used to name new polymers or for academic communications, as shown in Table 1.1. 

Because the rules for organic nomenclature determine the priority of naming different carbon chains from their relative lengths, the systematic names for type AABB polyamides depend on the relative length of the carbon chains between the amide nitrogens and the two carbonyl functions of the polymer for aUphatic nylon-Ayy, when x < the lUPAC name is poly[imino-R imino(l2y-dioxo-R )]. When x > then the name is... 

Like poly(ethylene), there are formal problems with the nomenclature of this polymer, since its lUPAC name, poly(propene), is also rarely if ever used hy polymer chemists. Since, in practice, no ambiguity is associated with the non-systematic name, this is the one that is generally used, as it will he throughout this hook. 

Nomenclature, 17 384-413 basic scheme of, 17 384-385 biochemical, 17 401-402 computerized approaches to, 17 400-401 elastomer, 21 761t enzyme, 10 258-260 for ionic liquids, 26 840-841 glossaries related to, 17 404 inorganic, 17 387-394 macromolecular (polymers), 17 403 404 organic, 17 394-401 polymer, 20 390-395 pump, 21 88 quinone, 21 236-237 reactor technology, 21 358 related to mass transfer, 15 731-737 reverse osmosis, 21 674-676 Society of Rheology, 21 704 spray-related, 23 199t systematic, 17 394... 

The formation of a systematic name for a polymer requires the identification and naming of a preferred constitutional repeating unit (CRU). This basic name is then modified by prefixes, which convey precisely the structural identity of the polymer in question. Such names are referred to as structure-based names. However, polymers can also be named as being derived from a monomer (or precursors), named according to lUPAC rules. Such names are referred to as source-based names. Over the years, rules for determining polymer nomenclature under these two systems have developed in parallel. An example of the modification of the lUPAC name of an organic molecule to lUPAC structure-based and source-based names of a polymer is illustrated below. 

Despite the Commission s long-standing position, the scientific community has continued to use source-based nomenclature for homopolymers such as polystyrene and poly(vinyl acetate) because of their simplicity, convenience and obvious relationship with the monomers from which the homopolymers are prepared. The Commission therefore decided to recommend source-based nomenclature as an alternative official nomenclature for homopolymers in a 2001 publication [2]. Consequently, both source-based and structure-based names are now available for most polymers. The names of monomers in the source-based names may be traditional or semi-systematic, if well established by usage, and not necessarily only those retained in the 1993 A Guide to lUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds [3]. 

Most trivial names, such as polystyrene, are source-based names. Hitherto, the Commission has not systematically recommended source-based names for homopolymers because it considered that the more rigorous structure-based names were more appropriate for scientific communications. However, since the publication of Nomenclature of Regular Single-Strand Organic Polymers in 1976, scientists, in both industry and academia, have continued to use trivial names. Even the Commission itself adopted (1985) a source-based nomenclature for copolymers because of its simplicity and practicality. Based on these facts, the Commission has now decided to recommend source-based... 

The first publication of the lUPAC in the area of macromolecular nomenclature was in 1952 by the Sub-commission on Nomenclature of the then lUPAC Commission on Macromolecules, which drew on the talents of such remarkable individuals as J. J. Hermans, M. L. Huggins, O. Kratky, and H. F. Mark. That report [1] was a landmark in that, for the first time, it systematized the naming of macromolecules and certain symbols and terms commonly used in polymer science. It introduced the use of parentheses in source-based polymer names when the monomer from which the polymer is derived consists of more than one word, a practice that is now widely followed, and it recommended an entirely new way of naming polymers based on their structure that included the suffix amer , a recommendation that has been almost totally ignored. After ten years, the Sub-commission issued its second report [2], which dealt with the then-burgeoning field of stereoregular polymers. A revision [3] of definitions in the original report appeared four years later. In 1968, a summary report [4] of the activities of the Subcommission was published. 

In 1968, the Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature of the Macromolecular Division (Division IV) was established under the Chairmanship of Kurt L. Loening with first Lionel C. Cross and later Robert B. Fox as Secretary. A series of major documents was produced that shaped modem polymer language. Most noteworthy was one that defined basic terms [5,6] and another on stracture-based nomenclature for regular singlestrand polymers [7,8]. The latter, originally developed by the Nomenclature Committee of the Polymer Division of the American Chemical Society and refined by the Commission, revolutionized polymer nomenclature by providing a systematic, consistent scheme particularly well-adapted to indexing it became the standard for Chemical Abstracts and... 

Unfortunately, the naming of polymers has not proceeded in a systematic manner until relatively late in the development of polymer science. It is not at all unusual of a polymer to have several names because of the use of different nomenclature systems. The nomenclature systems that have been used are based on either the structure of the polymer or the source of the polymer [i.e., the monomer(s) used in its synthesis] or trade names. Not only have there been several different nomenclature systems, but their application has not always been rigorous. An important step toward standardization was initiated in the 1970s by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 

Other names are retained for referring to unsubstituted compounds only. Compounds derived from them by substitution must be named systematically. The names are retained because of their wide use in biochemical and in polymer nomenclature. A few examples are given here. 

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