System situational awareness

System Situational Awareness (e.g. system status functioning and settings for radio, altimeter, transponders, flight modes and automation deviations from correct settings ATC communications present fuel impact of degrades and settings on performance time and distance available on fuel etc.)... 

First section is related to the presentation of the context of the project. Second section aims describing basis of the framework currently developed. Third section presents an inventory of dimensions to be considered by the assessment of potential consequence of a change on socio technical system safety performance. Fourth part describes a module aiming to support assessment of consequences of change on system situation awareness performance. 

Personal safety measures Automated control of systems Situation awareness Decision making Psychological preparedness... 

The ability to respond effectively to an event will require first responders and HAZMAT teams to coordinate thousands of details. Development of new materials for advanced telecommunications and radar could greatly improve the current response standard. Materials that can lead to faster computers, higher-density storage, and more efficient telecommunications are vital. One example of a basic area of research that could have an impact on our ability to respond to a threat is wide bandgap semiconductors, used, for instance, in phased-array radars. The development of shipboard phased-array radar systems over the past few decades has provided the military with a very high degree of situational awareness with respect to airborne targets. 

Another use of video monitoring is to identify when and where a release has occurred. Release of noxious incapacitating vapors can be observed as groups of people cough or pass out. In such cases, video monitoring can act as a primary detector for the presence of an attack. Video systems also have dual uses to providing feedback on the effectiveness of response options, such as evacuations, and for remote situational awareness. 

Requirements development includes both the identification of perceived needs and measurements of real needs. For example, the suit s mask must allow the operator to maintain situational awareness of both surroundings and the protective system status. Development of these systems must be performed in close consultation with the operator community, who provide critical data on human factors as well as appropriate validation and testing procedures. Performance characteristics and threat specifications will require research to optimize the operation and protection factors. This wiU hkely require... 

Endsley, M. (1995). Towards a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems. Human Factors, 37, 32-64. 

US NRC (2000) also raised several human performance issues associated with CBPs. The issues are as follows methodological and criterion requirements for evaluating CBP effects, role of plant personnel in procedure management, team performance, situation awareness, response planning, and operator error level of automation of procedure functions keyhole effects and use of multiple CBP procedures CBP failure in complex situations hybrid procedure systems and specific CBP design features. 

For the Operator If we look at the Functional Hazard Analysis (Chapter 3), the Hazard Log entry might be Loss of Situational Awareness , of which the Altitude Display System is but one contributory cause. 

ABSTRACT The tasks involved in air traffic control (ATC) make heavy demands on the information processing capacities of air traffic controllers. In particular, human factors problems that lead to both major and minor incidents are considered to be a serious problem for ATC in air traffic safety. Since ATC is usually undertaken by a team of controllers, team collaboration is a key issue for keeping good condition in ATC. However, this aspect has not been well studied compared with individual cognitive process. In this research, we examined the functional problems in an ATC system from the human factors aspects, and concluded that a systematic method and models are needed to analyze this problem. Thus, we consider that an effective way to understand user requirements is to analyze user tasks based on actual field data. The aim of this research is to analyze team cognitive processes and team situation awareness in normal (i.e., not accidental) situations for a team of en route air traffic controllers based on the distributed cognition approach so as to better understand current ATC systems. 

Figure 8 Projected version of the collision risk tree for the active mnway crossing example, showing the contributions to the collision risk for various combinations of events related to pilot situation awareness and functioning of ATC alert and communication systems. The values are for a crossing distance of 1000 m.

Based on results of the accident risk model, it is possible to attain insight in the accident risk reducing performance of involved human operators and technical systems. Table 2 shows conditional collision risks for the situation that an aircraft taxies towards a runway crossing at a distance of 1000 m from the runway threshold while the pilot has the situation awareness to taxi on a normal taxiway. The conditional collision risks in Table 2 refer to cases where the model either does ( yes ) or does not ( no ) involve the indicated human operators actively monitoring for traffic conflicts. A risk reduction percentage is determined by comparing the... 

H.H. De Jong (2004). Guidelines for the identification of hazards How to make unimaginable hazards imaginable National Aerospace Laboratory NLR, Contract report for Eurocontrol, NLR-CR-2004-094 M.R. Endsley (1995). Towards a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems. Human Factors, 37(1) 32-64... 

O. Striter, V. Dang, B. Kaufer and A. Daniels (2004). On the way to assess errors of commission. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 83 129-138 S.H. Stroeve, H.A.P. Blom and M.N.J. Van der Park (2003). Multi-agent situation awareness error evolution in accident risk modelling. 5" USA/Europe ATM R D Seminar, Budapest... 

Safety suffers from the variety of methods and models used to assess human performance. For example, operation is interested about human error while design is aligning the system to workload or situational awareness. This gap decouples safety assessment from design. As a result, design creates constraints at the sharp-end, which eventually leads to human errors. 

The U.S. military is using geographic information systems to provide battlefield commanders with tactical views of personnel and weapons systems to improve situational awareness. 

Faced with a multitude of special-purpose systems suited to individual missions such as Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) and Space Situational Awareness (SSA), the United States Department of Defense (DoD) has recognized the need... 

To maximize situational awareness, a variety of indicative sensors should be placed throughout the network such as on network devices as well as on desktop and server systems. These sensors will provide direct observations that—once transformed into intelligence—will give decision makers critical information necessary to enact decisions to remedy faults. 

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