Integrated systems chemicals

In looking towards the 21st Century, I predict that interfacial photochemical and electrochemical processes at designed and integrated chemical systems will play an important role in the development of energy conversion and other devices. 

Molecular Electronics Devices-, Carter, F. L. Siatkowski, R. E. Wohltjen, H., Eds. North-Holland Amsterdam, 1988 Bard, A. J. Integrated Chemical Systems-. Wiley New York, 1995. 

Molecular devices have been defined as structurally organized and functionally integrated chemical systems they are based on specific components arranged in a suitable manner, and may be built into supramolecular architectures [1.7,1.9]. The function performed by a device results from the integration of the elementary operations executed by the components. One may speak of photonic, electronic or ionic devices depending on whether the components are respectively photoactive electroactive or ionoactive, i.e., whether they operate with (accept or donate) photons, electrons, or ions. This defines fields of molecular and supramolecular photonics, electronics and ionics. 

Bard A (ed) (1994) Integrated chemical systems. Wiley, New York, p 324... 

Refs. [i] Amatore C (1995) Electrochemistry at ultramicroelectrodes. Ire Rubinstein I (ed) Physical electrochemistry. MarcelDekker, NewYork,pp 131-208 [ii] Arrigan DWM (2004) Analyst129 1157 [iii] Bard Af (1994) Integrated chemical systems. Wiley, New York [iv] Belmont C, Girault HH (1995) Electrochim Acta 40 2505... 

More complex structures of CMEs also exist. They may contain more than one modifying substance, or more than one layer. Such a system can be called a micro- or nano-structured electrode, or integrated chemical system electrode. 

For more information, see R. W. Murray, "Molecular Design of Electrode Surfaces, in Techniques in Chemistry, Vol XXJl, W. Weissberger, Founding Ed. New York Wiley. 1992 A. J. Bard. Integrated Chemical Systems. New York Wiley, 1994. 

A. J. Bard, Integrated Chemical Systems John Wiley Sons, Ltd, New York, 1994. 

Figure 13.4.3 Structure of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. The interplanar distance between the a and b layers is 3.35 A. Note that the unit cell distance, cq, is 6.70 A, because of the abab. .. stacking arrangement. [Adapted from A. J. Bard, Integrated Chemical Systems, Wiley, New York, 1994, p. 132, with permission.]...

Krishnan, M., White. J. R.. Fox, M. A., Bard. A. J. (1983). Integrated chemical. systems Photocatalysis at. semiconductors incorporated into polymer (Nafion)/mediator... 

Bard, A.J. (1994). Integrated Chemical Systems. A Chemical Approach to Nanotechnology. John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York. 

Zhao L, Clapsaddle BJ, Satcher JH, Schaefer DW, Shea KJ (2005) Integrated chemical systems The simultaneous formation of hybrid nanocomposites of iron oxide and organo silsesquioxane. Chem Mater 17 1358-1366. 

Figure 8.16 Illustration of four electron-transfer modes in polymer modified electrodes. Polymers containing redox molecules (where A + e = D) can mediate electrons to a solution-based analyte (where O + e = R) through an electron hopping mechanism (la), or by diffusion of free redox molecules within the film (lb). Permeable polymer layers, on the other hand, provide a suitable chemical environment for diffusion of O through the layer (2a) or contain channel/pinholes where electron-transfer occurs (2b). This material is adapted with permission from A. J. Bard, Integrated Chemical Systems A Chemical Approach to Nanotechnology, John Wiley Sons, Inc. New York, 1994. Copyright 1994 John Wiley Sons, Inc.

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