Water solubility enhancement

The ORAC assay proposed by Ou and others (2001) is limited to hydrophilic antioxidants because of the aqueous environment of the assay. However, lipophilic antioxidants play a critical role in biological defense systems. Huang and others (2002) expanded the assay to the lipidic fraction by introducing a randomly methylated 13-cyclodextrin (RMCD) as a water-solubility enhancer for lipophilic antioxidants. Various kinds of foods, including fruit juices and drinks, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and dried fruits, have been evaluated with this method (Zhou and Yu 2006 Wu and others 2004 Kevers and others 2007 Wang and Ballington 2007 Almeida and others 2008 Mullen and others 2007). 

Chiou et al. [189] were the first to consider the mechanism for water solubility enhancement of nonionic organic solutes by DOM of soil and bottom sediments. Such enhancement effects were effectively explained in terms of a par-... 

Chiou, C.T., Malcolm, R.L., Brinton, T.I., and Kile, D.E. Water solubility enhancement of some organic pollutants and pesticides by dissolved humic and fulvic acids. Environ. Sci. Technol, 20(5) 502-508, 1986. 

Kile, D. E. Chiou, C. T. (1989). Water solubility enhancement of DDT and trichlorobenzene by some surfactants below and above the critical micelle concentration. Environmental Science Technology, 23, 832-8. 

Chiou C. T., D. E. Kile, T. I. Brinton, R. L Malcolm, J. A. Leenheer, and P. MacCarthy. 1987. A comparison of water solubility enhancement of organic solutes by aquatic humic materials and commercial humic acids. Environmental Science and Technology 21 1231. 

Tanaka S, Oba K, Fukushima M, Nakayasu K, Hasebe K (1997) Water solubility enhancement of pyrene in the presence of humic substances. Anal Chim Acta 337 351-357... 

Is a versatile O/w emulsifier and solubilizer of petroleum oils, solvents, and fats. High water solubility enhances its ability to solubilize petroleum solvents. In the textile Industry it is used as an emulsifier for dye carriers, as an antistatic scrooping agent in primary spin finishes, and as a fiber processing aid. 

Chiou, C. T. Malcolm, R. L. Brinton, T. I. and Kile, D. E. Water Solubility Enhancement of Some Organic Pollutants and Pesticides by Dissolved Humic and Fulvic Acids Environmental Science and Technology, 1986,20 p. 502-508. 

The attachment of PEG to bioactive macromolecules is called PEGylation and provides various benefits [312]. These include better water solubility, enhanced resistance to proteolysis, decrease of immimogenicity, antigenicity, toxicity of drugs and slower rate of kidney clearance [313]. PEG has been approved for use in drugs, food and cosmetics [314]. The monodispersity of todays available PEGs eliminates former risks that were related to impurities foimd during chemical synthesis of PEG. 

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