Alkyl polyglycol ethers

As a practical example for the phase behaviour of surfactants, Figure 3.18 shows the phase diagram of a pure non-ionic surfactant of the alkyl polyglycol ether type C Em. n denotes the length of the hydrocarbon chain and m the degree of ethoxylation [20]. 

Composition Alkyl polyglycol ether Typical Properties ... 

Alkyl polyglycol ether Alkyl polyoxyethylene glycol HOSTAPUR American Hoechst... 

The primary aim of microemulsion research is to find the conditions under which the surfactant solubilises the maximum amounts of water and oil, i.e. the phase behaviour has to be studied. As the effect of pressure on the phase behaviour is (in general) rather weak [30 ], it is sufficient to consider the effect of the temperature. Furthermore, it hasbeen shown that simple ternary systems consisting of water, oil and non-ionic n-alkyl polyglycol ethers (QEj) exhibit all properties of complex and technically relevant systems [6]. Therefore, we will first describe the phase behaviour of ternary non-ionic microemulsions. 

Ryan, L.D., Schubert, K.-V. and Kaler, E.W. (1997) Phase behavior of microemulsions made with n-alkyl monoglucosides and n-alkyl polyglycol ethers. Langmuir, 13, 1510-1518. 

The in situ formation of microemulsions can occur in washing processes depending on the oil type and conditions. During the oil removal from hard surfaces or fabrics ternary systems occur where two or three phases coexist in equilibrium. These systems are also referred to as Windsor I or Windsor III microemulsions. The effects were studied in detail for alkyl polyglycol ethers [77]. Depending on temperature different phases exist, having a three-phase region between the temperature T and Tu (see Fig. 1.3, Chapter 1). When... 

Alphenate. [Henkel-Nopco] Alkyl polyglycol ethers and esters detergent for textiles dyeing and printing dye levelitig s ent wetting agent en i-fier for emulsion polymerization. 

Aminol. [Chem-Y GmbH] Alkyl polyglycol ether caiboxylate thickening agent. 

Water-n-Undecane (Halpaclean)-Ci2-i4 Alkyl Polyglycol Ethers (Marlipals)-n-Pentanol as a Basis of the Recipes Used to Prepare Microemulsions for Model Detergency Tests... 

In the quaternary phase diagrams of the systems water-n-undecane-C 2-i4 all l polyglycol ether for alkyl polyglycol ether concentrations c.v<10 wt%, a three-phase area is found that is surrounded by two-phase regions. As is characteristic for systems with surfactant mixtures, the three-phase area is shifted toward higher temperatures for low surfactant concentrations and high oil concentrations. The same trends are described in Ref. 21. For surfactant concentrations Cs>20 wt%, the lamellar La phase is formed. 

Table 2 Composition and Phase Regions of the Quaternary Systems Consisting of Water, -Undecane, C12-14 Alkyl Polyglycol Ether (Ci2-i4E(5)), and -Pentanol Used in the Model Detergency Tests"...

Figure 13 Reflectance differences for the test fabric wjk 10 C after cleaning with samples 10-28 (composition of samples according to Table 2) at a washing temperature of 7 = 313 K in dependence on the M-undecane concentration c with the alkyl polyglycol ether concentration Cs as the variable parameter. ( ) Cs = 5 wt% (O) c, = 10 wt% ( ) Cs = 15 wt% (V) q = 20 wt%.The points for constant Cs are connected.

Hiils-AG, Product information on surfactants of the type C12-14 alkyl polyglycol ether 24, 1995. 

Chem. Descrip. Modified alkyl polyglycol ether Uses Surfactant, wetting agent for aq, coatings, industrial, wood, and automotive coatings, printing inks... 

In monoesters of sulfuric acid, the sulfate ion is the hydrophilic part of the molecule which results in its solubility in water. Sodium salts of fatty alcohol monoesters of sulfuric acid are the best known examples of this kind of surfactant. The sulfate group is also present in alkyl polyglycol ether sulfates and in some reaction products of starting materials containing a double bond or an OH-group in the molecule, e.g. sulfated castor oil. 

Amidosulfuric acid or chlorosulfuric acid can also be used for the sulfation of alkyl polyglycol ethers. The formed sulfuric acid semi-ester can be neutralized by either caustic soda solution, ammonia or nitrilotri-ethanol. The acid reaction mixture has to be neutralized immediately so as to avoid disintegration reactions which take place in the acid environment. Such reactions would otherwise lead not only to dark by-products but also to the formation of dioxane. The ether sulfates produced nowadays cover all demands for safety from toxic by-products. 

Non-ionic surfactants are amphiphilic compounds that cannot dissociate into ions in aqueous solutions. Common examples include alkyl polyglycol ethers and alkylaryl polyglycol ethers. 

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