Synergistic adjuvants

Weil ED. Synergists, adjuvants, and antagonists in flame-retardant efficacy in polymeric materials. In Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials. Grand AF, Wilkie CA, Eds. Marcel Dekker New York, 2000 chap. 4, pp. 115-145. 

They are still widely used as feed additives for treatment or prevention of coccidiosis. In ruminants, sulfaquinoxaline, sulfadimethoxine, and sulfame-thoxypyridazine are the most useful coccidiostats, although sulfachlorpyrazine, sulfathiazole, and sulfamonomethoxine are also highly effective. Additional coccidiostats or adjuvants such as amprolium, chlortetracycline, and ethopabate are often combined with sulfonamides for synergistic effects in poultry. 

An interaction of doxorubicin with the anti-HER2 receptor humanized monoclonal antibody, trastuzumab (Herceptin), has been reported. Most patients who received trastuzumab in early trials had been pretreated with anthracyclines. Despite this, preliminary information suggested that reduced systolic cardiac function was an adverse effect of trastuzumab (119). More recently, this problem has been further highlighted in a study of women with metastatic breast cancer (120). Patients who had not received prior anthracycline-containing adjuvant chemotherapy were at greater risk of cardiotoxicity when they received trastuzumab in combination with doxorubicin or cyclophosphamide (27 and 75% respectively), compared with only 11% of patients who received trastuzumab in combination with pachtaxel (120,121). The risk of cardiac events in patients treated with doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and trastuzumab increased markedly after a cumulative doxorubicin dose of 360 mg/m. This suggests synergistic cardiotoxicity with trastuzumab and doxorubicin. Trastuzumab is therefore currently licensed only for use in conjunction with pacli-taxel or docetaxel and not with conventional doxorubicin. 

AMPs can act as adjuvants for adaptive immune responses, enhancing specific and protective responses. LL-37 [200], cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) [189] and mouse BD-2 [201] enhanced antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses, and induced protective anti-tumor immunity in some conditions [200]. It has been suggested that even low doses of AMPs can influence immune responses, since LL-37 has a synergistic activity with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-ip [155,196]. 

With suspoemulsions, two active ingredients are formulated together, which not only offers convenience to the farmer but also may result in synergistic biological efficacy. As a consequence, a wider spectrum of disease control may be achieved, particularly when using many fungicides and herbicides. For many suspoemulsions an adjuvant is also added that enhances biological efficacy. 

Local quinacrine delivery therefore offers a natural alternative to systemic administration. Figure 7b illustrates that the implantation of 15% (w/w) quinacrine-loaded pCPP SA polymers and BCNU-loaded polymers significantly extend survival. Interestingly, the synergistic benefit of combined quinacrine and BCNU local delivery demonstrates time sensitivity quinacrine polymer implantation 2 days prior to BCNU poljnner placement enhances survival whereas concurrent tmnor bed insertion offers no benefit (Fig. 7 c). The importance of ordered administration of adjuvant quinacrine therapy provides some mechanistic insight, and remains the subject of ongoing research. 

In vitro and animal data indicate that methotrexate and fluorouracil can be mutually antagonistic under certain conditions. " Other studies indicate that the sequence (methotrexate first) is important for additive or synergistic activity. However, the combination of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and fluorouracil (CMF) has been the most commonly used adjuvant therapy in breast cancer, and the sequence of administration is said not to be important. ... 

Uses Humectant, antimicrobial, preservative for pharmaceuticals antimicrobial in cosmetics, meat and poultry prods. flavor enhancer, flavoring agent, adjuvant, humectant, pH control agent, antioxidant synergist for foods... 

Agrochemical adjuvants are widely used to improve agrochemical applications. Improvement can be interpreted as better weed/disease control or reducing active ingredient per hectare , or even reducing amount of water to spray per hectare . Claims related to the adjuvant function vary from wetter , spreader , sticker , penetrator to synergist . 

Bioadhesive chitosan microspheres of pentazocine, an opioid, for intranasal systemic delivery, significantly improved the bioavailability with sustained and controlled blood level profiles compared to intravenous and oral administration [107]. Modification of nasal microspheres through their concomitant use with adjuvants or immunomodula-tors for an additive and a synergistic effect, and through the mannosylation of chitosan for receptor mediated targeting antigen-presenting cells was also tested [8]. 

Docetaxel is indicated, in combination with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide, for adjuvant treatment of node-positive breast cancer and, in combination with doxorubicin, for treating locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. It is also indicated as monotherapy or in combination with capecitabine for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer in patients who have relapsed or progressed after previous anthracycline or alkylating agents. It can be administered concurrently with trastuzumab, with which it is synergistic in vitro [1091], unlike paclitaxel, which appears to have simply an additive effect with trastuzumab [110 ]. 

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