Swiss Federal Research Institute

Research cooperation vrith the Swiss Federal Research Institute funded by the Swiss Federal Office of Agriculture its Therwil trial has a worldwide reputation. 

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute,... 

Even if It could be shown that RNA preceded both DNA and proteins in the march toward living things that doesn t automatically make RNA the first self replicating molecule Another possibility is that a self replicating polynucleotide based on some carbo hydrate other than o ribose was a precursor to RNA Over many generations natural selection could have led to the replacement of the other carbohydrate by D ribose giving RNA Recent research on unnatural polynucleotides by Professor Albert Eschenmoser of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Zurich) has shown for example that nucleic acids based on L threose possess many of the properties of RNA and DNA... 

We thank Dr R. Humphry-Baker for his time and valuable discussions. Financial support from the Swiss Federal Office for Energy (OFEN), the US Air Force Research Office under Contract Number F61775-00-C0003 and the Institute for Applied Photovoltaics (INAP, Gelsenkirchen, Germany) is greatly appreciated. 

Professor and Chair of Neuroscience, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology... 

Prof. Dr. Leonardo Scapozza Department of Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich Winterthurerstrafie 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland leonardo. scapozza pharma, anbi.ethz.ch Dr. Daniel Sebastiani Institute of Molecular and Biological Chemistry Swiss Federal Institute of Technology EPFL 1015 Lausanne Switzerland and Max-Planck-Institute of Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany sebastia mpip-mainz.mpg.de... 

Dr Clemens Cremer works as an analyst with EnBW, Karlsruhe. Until 2008, he was affiliated with the Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (ISI) as senior scientist and co-ordinator of the business unit Energy Efficiency . He is a lecturer at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich (ETH Zurich). 

IBM Research, IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, CA 95120, USA Department of Material Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, MX-D Ecublens, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland E-mail hedrick almaden.ibm.com... 

Department Innovation Research in Utility Sectors, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Uberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland e-mail bemhard.truffer eawag.ch... 

Examples are Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETHZ), Switzerland Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA (ETHZ MIT have formed ajoint team to explore the glycoside formation) Universityof Hull, UK Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology (ICT), Germany and Micro-Chemical Process Technology Research Association (MCPT), Japan. 

State University of New York—Buffalo, 427 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 308 TDA Research, 90 University degli Studi di Messina, 43 University di Genoa, 168 University of Akron, 438 University of Bologna, 281 University of Minnesota, 416 University of Notre Dame, 410 University of Southern California, 90 University of Szeged, 368 University of Tokyo, 110,156 University of Twente, 380 University of Waterloo, 326 University of Witwatersrand, 43 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, xiii, 1,16,122 Washington University, 183 Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 244... 

Lake Research Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute for Water Resources and Water Pollution Control (EAWAG/ETH), CH-6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland... 

This work was funded in part by the National Science Foundation (Grant No. INT-8909806) and by the Swiss Federal Institute for Water Research and Pollution Control. I am grateful to Stefan Peiffer and Bernhard Wehrli for helpful reviews of the manuscript. 

Multi-divisional program in biosensors at the Food Research Laboratory of Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) in Australia, Food Hygiene Department of the Campden Food and Drink Research Association (CFDRA) in the United Kingdom, and the Center of Chemical Sensors/Biosensors at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Switzerland. 

Schweingruber, M. R. "Evaluation of Solubility and Speciation of Actinides in Natural Groundwaters, TM-45-82-11, Swiss Federal Institute for Reactor Research, Wiirenlingen, Switzerland, 1982. 

To have a network of laboratories at the top of a trace-ability system for chemical measurements instead of just the national metrology institute seems to be a requirement typical of metrology in chemistry and is under consideration in many industrialized countries, because the competence for chemical analysis in most countries (except U.S.A.) largely lies outside the domain of the metrology institutes. Another example that underpins this view is the development of metrology in chemistry in Switzerland, where the Swiss Federal Office of Metrology and Accreditation (METAS) and the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (EMPA) jointly provide the national references for chemical measurements [2]. 

During the late 1990s, Dr. Nastruzzi worked with Professor P. L. Luisi as a postdoctoral fellow at the Institute for Polymers at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. As a postdoctoral fellow at the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Ferrara, he focused on the production and characterization of liposomes specially designed for retinoid delivery, as well as on biophysical studies and activity of in vitro cultured cell lines. In 1991, he obtained a researcher position in this department, where he devoted his energy to the production of microspheres, liposomes, and microemulsions for the controlled delivery of biological response modifiers. 

This research is supported by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich. REFERENCES... 

Recognition is due to the members of the Laboratory of Photonics Interfaces of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), some of whose work is referenced below to those industrial organizations whose interest in the molecular photovoltaic system has induced them to license the concept and thereby support our research to EPFL and FNRS (Swiss National Science Foundation) for financial support and to OFEN (Swiss Federal Office of Energy) for past encouragement and support. Thanks are also due to Dr. Pierre Bonhote for valuable help in the writing of Section 1.4.5. 

Albert Eschenmoser (b. 1925 in Erstfeld, Uri, Switzerland) is Professor, Emeritus (since 1992) of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich and a member of the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology at the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California (since 1996). He received his Diploma and doctorate at the ETH in 1949 and 1951, respectively, and spent his career at the ETH. I mention only a few of his exceptionally large number of honors. He is a Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A., a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (London), and a member of the Academia Europaea. He received the Robert A. Welch Award in Chemistry in 1974, the Davy Medal of the Royal Society in 1978, the Arthur C. Cope Award of the American Chemical Society in 1984, the Wolf Prize in Chemistry (Israel) in 1986, and the Paracelsus Prize of the Swiss Chemical Society in 1999. One of Professor Eschenmoser s latest publications reviews his recent interests [Eschenmoser, A. Chemical Etiology of Nucleic Acid Structure. Science 1999, 2S4, 2118-2124]. We recorded our conversation on September 6, 1999 at the ETH. ... 

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