Laboratory-based methods

Laboratory-based methods of pore water displacement are designed to approximate diffuse water in quasi-equilibrium with the soil solid phase. Methodologies for obtaining unaltered soil pore water in a laboratory setting may be broadly defined as displacement techniques and comprise... 

Field-based methods Laboratory-based Methods... 

Laboratory-based methods have been developed for field-measurement of the main water quality parameters, and their use can be standardized. They are generally based on the same principles as the equivalent laboratory based methods (e.g. oxidation, colorimetry, photometry) but use simplified procedures in order to overcome the constraints of working in the field. Currently there are numerous commercially available devices for online and on-site use, and these provide efficient tools for surveillance, operational and investigative monitoring in the frame of WFD. These techniques are suitable for such applications as incident detection in water treatment plants, detection of accidental pollution, and measurement of spatial and temporal variation in water... 

The final step in the development of a method is to establish the requirements for speed versus the necessary specificity. In short, a method may perform better in terms of specificity if a broad spectral region is used in a comprehensive che-mometric model, but the duration of data acquisition may not be suitable for the application. The opposite is also true, where a single- or dual-wavelength measurement may meet the ideal speed target, but fail in terms of specificity. Various instrumental platforms are available on the market, and it is imperative that a balance between these parameters be achieved for a method to ever reach deployment. For laboratory-based methods, specificity is often much more important than speed, reinforcing the need for a hyperspectral imaging system, if the instrument is to be used for quality control, then speed should be considered in the development of the method. It is important to bear in mind that speed and specificity are not mutually exclusive indeed, they can often both be achieved if the method is properly targeted to the question at hand. 

Rapid office tests that employ EIA technology for diagnosing chlamydial infections are widely available, and most provide results in 30 minutes. These tests generally are much less sensitive and specific than laboratory-performed EIA, and they are subject to a high false-positive rate because of the cross-reactivity of EPS from other microorganisms. As a result, a positive rapid office test should only be considered presumptive, and test results should be confirmed by a laboratory-based method. 

Bee larval tests with Bt Cry proteins have been carried out in-house by biotech companies (S. Sims, personal communication), but there are no published reports of such work. Laboratory-based methods for rearing bee larvae have been established [48] and these could be adapted for use with Bt and other pest-resistance proteins, especially for the later larval instars which are known to ingest pollen as well as the glandular secretions of adult bees. 

Potential application areas include laboratory screening, field screening, or continuous and in situ field monitoring. The cleanup of a hazardous waste site may provide some examples of the scope and kinds of analytical tasks required for environmental applications. Analytical tasks associated with site characterization primarily involve the identification of listed contaminants and mapping of the spatial distribution of the compounds of concern. The diagnostic analytical tasks are best suited to classical laboratory-based methods such as GC, GC-MS, and LC. Screening tasks to determine the... 

TRL 3 initiates research and development with laboratory-based methods. The analytical predictions are physically validated. A proof of concept of the system is performed. 

Laboratory based methods for small scale production of monoclonal antibodies... 

This makes decisions on corrective action difficult. A complimentary approach is to evaluate the plumbosolvency characteristics of the drinking water within a supply area. This can be done using a simple laboratory based method (Colling et ai, 1987). 

---