Pollution accidental

Accidental pollution incidents arise from spillages, gas emissions, and liquid discharges sometimes in transportation. The main considerations are prevention, containment, and effective mitigatory and emergency action according to the principles outlined in earlier chapters. Effective clean-up and decontamination are then needed. 

COM(98j769 Proposal setting up a Community framework for co-operation with regard to accidental marine pollution... 

A pesticide formulation plant should prepare and implement an emergency preparedness and response plan that takes into account neighboring land uses and the potential consequences of an emergency or accidental release of harmful substances. Measures to avoid the release of harmful substances should be incorporated in the design, operation, maintenance, and management of the plant. Pollution control equipment employed in this sector include baghouses for removal of particulate matter and carbon adsorption for removal of VOCs. 

Papazoglou, I. A. et al., 1996, SOCRATES a Computerized Toolkit for Quantification of the Risk from Accidental Releases of Toxic and/or Flammable Substances, Int. J. Envir. Pollution 6, 4-6, pp 500 -533. 

SIPs are intended to prevent air pollution emergency episodes. The phms are directed toward preventing excessive buildup of air pollutants tliat me known to be harmful to the population and the enviroiunent when concentrations exceed certain limits. The compounds affected under the implementation plans are sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, ctirbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone. A contingency plan, which will outline the steps to be taken in tlie event tliat a particular pollutant concentration reaches tlie level at wliich it can be considered to be hannful, must be included in each implementation plan. The implementation plans are solely based on tlie continuous emission of tlie previously stated air pollutants. They do not mandate any actions to be taken in tlie event of an accidental toxic release. 

Public concerns about air quality led to the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1970 to amendments to that act in 1977 and 1990. The 1990 amendments contained seven separate titles covering different regula-toiy programs and include requirements to install more advanced pollution control equipment and make other changes in industrial operations to reduce emissions of air pollutants. The 1990 amendments address sulfur dioxide emissions and acid rain deposition, nitrous oxide emissions, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide emissions, particulate emissions, tail pipe emissions, evaporative emissions, reformulated gasoline, clean-fueled vehicles and fleets, hazardous air pollutants, solid waste incineration, and accidental chemical releases. 

The principal source of pollution by polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) has been the commercial mixture Firemaster, which was produced in the United States between 1970 and 1974. Production was discontinued in 1974 following a severe pollution incident in Michigan, when Firemaster was accidentally mixed with cattle feed on a farm. In due course, PBBs entered the human food chain via contaminated animal products. Substantial residues were found in humans from the area, and were snbse-quently found to be highly persistent. 

Response on Daphnia magna. The use of dispersants for petroleum is often recommended in accidental aquatic pollution simations in which an oil layer is capable of reaching the hanks of a river or water pond. The petroleum is then emulsified in the water, which makes it bioavailable for degrading organisms. However, this bioavailability may be responsible for an increase of the oil toxicity for the living organisms in the water. In addition, the dispersant itself is potentially toxic and its release in the environment must be controlled. 

Environmental chemical releases due to human activities may be accidental (usually acute) or as an attendant consequence of some planned activity (usually chronic). Traditionally, spills have been separated from steady discharges because of statutory distinctions, but any integrated pollutant assessment must... 

Ever since the inception of the petroleum industry the level of fires, explosions and environmental pollution that have precipitated from it, has generally paralleled its growth. As the industry has grown so has the magnitude of its accidental events. Relatively recent events such as the Flixborough incident (1974), Occidental s Piper Alpha disaster (1988), and Exxon s Valdez oil spill (1989) have all amply demonstrated the extreme financial impact these accidents can produce. 

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