Black circles

In the graphical representation of the integral shown above, a line represents the Mayer function f r.p between two particles and j. The coordinates are represented by open circles that are labelled, unless it is integrated over the volume of the system, when the circle representing it is blackened and the label erased. The black circle in the above graph represents an integration over the coordinates of particle 3, and is not labelled. The coefficient of is the sum of tln-ee tenns represented graphically as... 

Figure Bl.21.3. Direct lattices (at left) and corresponding reciprocal lattices (at right) of a series of connnonly occurring two-dimensional superlattices. Black circles correspond to the ideal (1 x 1) surface structure, while grey circles represent adatoms in the direct lattice (arbitrarily placed in hollow positions) and open diamonds represent fractional-order beams m the reciprocal space. Unit cells in direct space and in reciprocal space are outlined.

Figure B3.2.4. A schematic illustration of an energy-independent augmented plane wave basis fimction used in the LAPW method. The black sine fimction represents the plane wave, the localized oscillations represent the augmentation of the fimction inside the atomic spheres used for the solution of the Sclirodinger equation. The nuclei are represented by filled black circles. In the lower part of the picture, the crystal potential is sketched.

Fig. 5. Theory vs. experiment rupture forces computed from rupture simulations at various time scales (various pulling velocities Vcant) ranging from one nanosecond (vcant = 0.015 A/ps) to 40 picoscconds (vcant = 0.375 A/ps) (black circles) compare well with the experimental value (open diamond) when extrapolated linearly (dashed line) to the experimental time scale of milliseconds.

Fig. 10. Most stable ground-state geometries found for CjjjLia and C Li,4 by the MNDO calculations the Li atoms are represented by the filled black circles.

FIG. 6 Configuration snapshot of a spontaneously formed vesicle from doubletailed amphiphiles in the Larson model (a) entire vesicle (b) vesicle cut in half in order to show its inner side. Black circles represent head particles (+1), gray circles tail particles (—1), white circles the neutral connecting particles (0). (From Bernardes [126].)... 

The initial configuration is set up by building the field 0(r) for a unit cell first on a small cubic lattice, A = 3 or 5, analogously to a two-component, AB, molecular crystal. The value of the field 0(r) = at the point r = (f, 7, k)h on the lattice is set to 1 if, in the molecular crystal, an atom A is in this place if there is an atom B, 0, is set to —1 if there is an empty place, j is set to 0. Fig. 2 shows the initial configuration used to build the field 0(r) for the simple cubic-phase unit cell. Filled black circles represent atoms of type A and hollow circles represent atoms of type B. In this case all sites are occupied by atoms A or B. 

FIG. 3 The possible configurations of passing the surface 0(r) = 0 through the field 0(r) discretized on the lattice. Black circles represent 4>ijk < 0, whereas white circles > 0- The cubes represent the smallest pieces of the lattice of linear dimension h. For smooth surfaces studied here, cases of 3, 4, 5, and 6 vertices of the surface in a small cube are the only ones. The cases of 7, 8, 9, and 12 vertices in a single cube have not been encountered. 

The third group is the continuum, models, and these are based on simple concepts from classical electromagnetism. It is convenient to divide materials into two classes, electrical conductors and dielectrics. In a conductor such as metallic copper, the conduction electrons are free to move under the influence of an applied electric field. In a dielectric material such as glass, paraffin wax or paper, all the electrons are bound to the molecules as shown schematically in Figure 15.2. The black circles represent nuclei, and the electron clouds are represented as open circles. 

Figure 1. Representation of unit cells for (a) FeaNi and (b) CuZn. Corresponding to a tetragonal symmetry in the case of FeaNi (Ni atoms are marked black) and to the LI2 (CuaAu) structure in the case of c/a = 1. CuZn shows also tetragonal symmetry, whereby c/a = 1 corresponds to the B2 structure (black circles represent Cu atoms). In (b) a frozen phonon in [001] direction is indicated for the Zn atom.

Figure 2 The classical activation pathway of SHR. SHRs (gray circle) are associated with chaperones (rectangles). After binding of steroid hormones (black circle) SHRs activate target genes in the nucleus. Additional regulation mechanisms, e.g., phosphorylation are described in the text.

Time traces OH light intensity I, flame surface area A, pressure fluctuahons p, and computed pressure fluctuations kdA/dt. Circles indicate extracted flame surface areas A in cm (S and A are used indifferently to designate the flame surface). Black circles marked a, b, c, d correspond to flame patterns presented in images from Figure 5.2.3. 

Fig. 14.3 Polyhedral packing plots for the two-dimensional layers of [RE(P2S6),/2(PS4)P in the series of solids A2RE(P2S6)i/2(PS4), where A=K, Cs RE = Y, La. Rare-earth polyhedra are striped PS4 polyhedra are black phosphorous atoms in P2S6 are shown as black circles. Alkali atoms are not shown for clarity. Although these phases have distinctly different structures based on space group symmetry and atomic positions, the compounds are clearly related upon close inspection of the building blocks.

The core further extends via the additional chlorine (light grey) and cesium (solid black circle) ions. 

Fig. 16.7 The coordination around chlorine (drawn as light grey solid circles) in (a) NaCI, (b) CU-9 and CU-11, and (c) CU-13. The electropositive cations are shown as solid black circles and transition metal...

Figure 8.8 Series of iniiared spectra during (a) CO2 production and (b) progressive oxidation of COaj[ on Pt3Sn(l 11) in 0.5 M H2SO4 saturated with CO each spectrum was accumulated ftom 50 interferometers at the potential indicated, (c, d) LEED pattern and schematic representation of the p(4 X 4) structure observed on PtsSnflll) after exposing the surface to O2 and electrolyte. The gray dicles are Pt surface atoms, the black circles are Sn atoms covered with OH, and the dotted circles are Sn atoms that are chemically different from Sn atoms modified with OH. (Reprinted with permission from Stamenkovic et al. [2003]. Copyright 1999. The American Chemical Society.)...

Figure 3. Distribution coefficient (Ka) versus particle concentration for Th. Note that, for typical open-ocean particle concentrations, Th is about lO times more likely to adhere to a mass of particles than to remain in the same mass of water. This tendency to be found in the particulate phase decreases with particle concentration, probably due to the presence of a larger number of colloids which, because they pass through filters, appear to be in the dissolved phase (Honeyman et al. 1988). Grey squares are " Th data from Honeyman et al. (1988) gray triangles are " Th data from the continental shelf from McKee et al. (1986) and black circles are a compilation of open ocean °Th data from Henderson et al. (1999a).

Figure 10.3 Adsorbed sulfur structures on Cu(100). (a, b) LEED patterns from the p(2 x 2) and ( 17 x 1) R14° structures, respectively, (c) STM image (9.3 x 9.3 nm) of the (y 17 x f17) R14° structure formed after annealing the sulfur adlayer to 1173 K. (d) High-resolution STM image (2.9x2.9nm) of (c). (e) Proposed model of the ( 17x 17) R14° structure black circles are sulfur adatoms in four-fold sites in the top layer shaded circles are sulfur adatoms which have replaced a terrace copper atom dashed circles indicate a copper atom which may be missing. (Adapted from Ref. 12).

Zhdanov or Jagodzinski symbol). The most important structure types of this kind are the following (M atoms dark gray in the figures positions of M atoms in the following layer marked by black circles) ... 

Figure 6.8 Bjerrum plots for (a) benzoic acid (black circle = 87 mM, unfilled circle = 130 mM, gray cicle = 502mM), (b) benzydamine (black circle = 0.27 mM, unfilled circle = 0.41 mM, gray circle = 0.70 mM), and (c) acyclovir (black circle = 29 mM, unfilled circle = 46 mM). The dashed curves correspond to conditions under which no precipitation takes place.

If two genes (white and black circles) are found as neighbors in several genomes, the encoded proteins are predicted to functionally interact. Figure adapted from Eisenberg etal. (2000). 

Fig. 28 Detailed step propagations at 330 K, from 6.4 ns in every 12.8 ps. Frequent attachment and detachment of the crystalline stems (black circles) are evident...

Figure 5.1 shows a schematic elevation through a kink on a screw dislocation in the diamond crystal structure. The black circles lie in the plane of the figure. The white ones lie in a plane in front of the figure, and the gray ones in a plane behind the figure. The straight lines represent electron pair bonds... 

Figure 5.1 Schematic elevation view of the center of a kink on a screw disocation in the diamond crystal structure. D0 is the bond length, b is the Burgers displacement. The black circles are in the central plane of the figure. The white circles lie in a plane slightly in front of the central plane, while the gray circles lie in a plane slightly behind the central plane.

Figure 9.2 is schematic diagram of the crystal structure of most of the alkali halides, letting the black circles represent the positive metal ions (Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs), and the gray circles represent the negative halide ions (F, Cl, Br, and I).The ions lie on two interpenetrating face-centered-cubic lattices. Of the 20 alkali halides, 17 have the NaCl crystal structure of Figure 9.1. The other three (CsCl, CsBr, and Csl) have the cesium chloride structure where the ions lie on two interpenetrating body-centered-cubic lattices (Figure 9.3). The plastic deformation on the primary glide planes for the two structures is quite different.

Figure 10.7 Crystal structure of Lanthanum Hexaboride (prototypre hexaboride). The black circles represent boron octahedra. They form a simple cubic arrangement surrounding the central metal atom.

Figure 11.6 Views of perovskite crystal structure. Top—conventional cubic unit cell white circles = oxygen black circle = transition metal gray circles = alkali or alkaline earth metal. Bottom—extended unit cell to show the cage formed by the oxygen octa-hedra. Adapted from Bragg et al. (1965).

Fig. 2. Correlation between variation in breath H2 excretion and variation in the number of flatus episodes recorded before and after therapy. Black circles indicate ri-faximin-treated patients, white circles indicate charcoal-treated patients. Patients with score >0 were considered (from Di Stefano et al. [44]). 

Figure 3 The Rh6 cluster in its chalcogen environment in Rh3S4. Black circles - Rh, gray circles - S...

Figure 10 Fused trigonal bipiramides chain in NiTagSeg. Only metal atoms are shown. Small gray circles - Ni, large black circles - Ta...

Figure 13 Metal sublattice in Co2TaTe2. Large black circles - Ta, small gray circles -Co. Te atoms not shown...

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