Earlier Tests

The main system chosen by Wagner and Traud themselves was the corrosion of zinc amalgam in aqueous HCl. They measured the current-potential curves of 

Despite the good agreement, there are two reasons why this test was flawed. First, the anodic half-reaction (5) had of necessity to be carried out at a higher pH, and thus in a different medium from the overall reaction (7). Second, and even more important, the electrode surface in the cathodic half-reaction (6) was not the same as the amalgam surface in reaction (7). Hydrogen evolution could be affected by the presence of zinc sites on the 

To explain their findings, the authors proposed the following mechanism  

For the additivity principle to hold, steps (8) and (9), the anodic processes taking place under nitrogen, would be coupled only with the cathodic reduction of oxygen in step (11). It is step (10), the attack by the constituents of the oxygen couple on the intermediate Cu, which lies outside the scope of the principle and which explains the observed findings. 

Andersen et al. predicted that similar results would be expected for the corrosion of other multivalent metals oxidizing via lower oxidation states. They also pointed out that their interpretation was consistent with the kinetics of the corrosion of copper in oxygenated HCl solutions. Here the final product is Cu and thus there is no vulnerable intermediate. In consequence, the rate of copper dissolution from either Nj-saturated or 02-saturated HCl solutions was the same at a given potential in conformity with the additivity principle. 

---

Auckland Regional Authority converted two M.A.N. buses to use a cetane improver and methanol and South Africa investigated the use of methanol with a proprietary cetane improver. Eour Renault buses were converted in Tours, Erance to operate on ethanol and a cetane improver, Avocet, manufactured by Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). The results of these demonstrations were also technically successfiil slightly better fuel economy was obtained on an energy basis and durabiUty issues were much less than the earlier tests using dedicated engines. 

Henry and McUmber (1977) reported on the systems R-22 -water and R-22-oil. They constructed an apparatus in which R-22 could be poured into water or mineral oil at various ambient pressures controlled by the pressure of argon gas in the system. Separate units were used for the water and oil tests. They demonstrated that they could achieve thermal explosions at 1 bar, in agreement with earlier tests (see Section VII). However, no such events were observed at system pressures of 2.2 or 8 bar even though the hot liquid temperature was varied over a wide range. 

Primer Epoxy vs. Nitrile-Modified Epoxy. The compatibility of the epoxy-polyamide primer with the nitrile-modified epoxy adhesive facsimile and the aluminum oxide surface was also evaluated by the wedge test, since earlier tests using the primer as the adhesive had failed immediately. As shown in Fig. 8, the addition of the primer directly to the prepared... 

One of the earlier tests [58] contains as hydrophobic samples toluene and ethyl benzene, as a weakly acidic component phenol, and weakly basic analytes like aniline and the isomeric toluid-ines. Chemometric analysis showed the proper selection of the analytes for characterization, with the surprising result that /V,/V-dimethyl aniline is not a signihcant analyte in characterization for silanophilic interactions [59]. As the mobile phase, a mixture of 49 Vol.% methanol with 51 Vol.% water has been used. In the beginning, an unbuffered mobile phase has been used because silanophilic interactions can be blocked by buffer constituents. For better reproducibility and transfer-ability, a 10 mM phosphate buffer of pH 7 is recommended. The comparison of RP columns for hydrophobic interaction by this test procedure is shown in Figure 2.8. The k value of toluene... 

Results for two types of model systems are shown here, each at the two different inverse temperatures of P = 1 and P = 8. For each model system, the approximate correlation functions were compared with an exact quantum correlation function obtained by numerical solution of the Schrodinger equation on a grid and with classical MD. As noted earlier, testing the CMD method against exact results for simple one-dimensional non-dissipative systems is problematical, but the results are still useful to help us to better imderstand the limitations of the method imder certain circumstances. 

The authors wish to thank M. A. Ott and F. H. Seurer for the target preparation and the irradiations, and W. Taylor for assistance in the earlier tests of the chemistry. 

The 55% ethanol extracted 6.91% of the weight of average oven-dry American oak (Table III). In flavoring 1 liter of California port wine for one taster, an average of 575 mg of this wood, 38 mg of its solid, or 13 mg of its phenols extractable by 55% alcohol produced a just detectable difference. A series of five samples of European oak in comparable analyses averaged 11.37% extractable solids, and 1 liter of the same port wine was just detectably flavored by 515 mg of oven-dry wood, 51 mg of extractable solid, or 30 mg of phenol. The fact that European oak contributes more extract and more tannin to wine and yet, per unit of extract or phenol, less flavor is clear from these data. This agrees with tasters opinions and is believed to be because American oak contributes considerably more oak odor per unit of tannin. The amount of flavor per unit of wood is about the same, but the European oak counteracts less flavor per unit of extract by its high extract content. In other tests, 12% alcohol removed 49% as much extract as did 55% alcohol from American oak and 71% as much from French. In earlier tests (47) about 63% as much extract was obtained from American oak by 12% alcohol as by 55% alcohol. Whether these extracts would have the same flavor value has not yet been studied. 

BuMines tested several IRECO Slurries in 1970 and 1971. In the earlier test these Slurries (IREMITES) were packaged in polyethylene. 

Figure 2. Hydrolysis of 14C-cellohexaose (G6) by BS and BI celluloses. The enzymes were purified to homogeneity (3) and incubated with pure uniformly-labeled cellohexaose as described in earlier tests with other celloaextrins (19). Reaction mixtures (0.3 mL) contained 1 mg substrate and cellulose (200 units) in 20mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.2, 0.03% sodium azide. They were incubated at 35°C and at intervals aliquots were removed and chromatographed. Cellodextrins with lower DP (Gt-G5) were located by radioautography and estimated by scintillation spectrometry (19).

Deviations from approved calibration standards on critical instruments must be reported immediately and investigated to determine if this could have adversely affected earlier testing or product quality since the last calibration. 

This study found that some crew members involved in the aerial application of 2,4-D for forestry purposes absorbed low levels of 2,4-D, but the doses as indicated by urine analyses were several orders of magnitude below the 24 mg/kg noobservable-effect-level determined in toxicology studies. These results are in agreement with those of Nash et al. (1982). The doses were comparable to those found in an earlier test involving aerial application of 2,4,5-T but were substantially lower than those found for ground application of that herbicide (Lavy et al., 1980). 

Data from an earlier test presented here for comparison. 

The Solvent Refined Coal-I (SRC-I) process ( 1) provides a way in which coal, by way of direct hydrogenative liquefaction, can be transformed into an environmentally clean fuel for the electric utilities. Earlier tests (2, 3, 5) with pulverized SRC-I solid... 

In all circumstances, as mentioned earlier, testing the solubility of the aqueous buffer solution in the mobile phase is crucial. Certain buffering salts have very poor solubility with solutions above 80% acetonitrile. When in doubt, test buffer solubility off-line using a small volume in vials and beakers on the bench top. Similarly, the sample should be soluble in the mobile phase. This is especially important if the sample was dissolved in a solvent which is different from the mobile phase. In this case, the only answer is to test the solution by injecting approximately 50 /u,L of sample solution into a vial containing approximately 1 mL of mobile phase and observing if the sample stays in solution. 

X-ray Analysis. Elemental analysis of the dress fabric mounted and analyzed as described in earlier tests, indicated that although the aluminum content was about as high as that of the remnant, the sulfur content was increased, and significant amounts of potassium were present, which were not evident in the remnant. 

---