Investigative monitoring

Investigate Chemical Reactivity Incidents Incident Investigation Incident Investigation Monitoring Performance... 

The investigation monitored d>(CF20) under conditions where 16 15. If reaction (4-20) were the important step, 4>(CF20) should have depended on Ia, whereas if reaction (4-21) was important, 4>(CF20) should have been independent of Ia. The results showed that reaction (4-20) was the conversion step and that reaction (4-21) could be discarded, as was expected from spin conservation considerations. The mechanism led to the predictions... 

Action Assist in establishing surveillance systems to monitor the general population and special high-risk population segments carry out field studies and investigations monitor injury and disease patterns and potential disease outbreaks and provide technical assistance and consultations on disease and injury prevention and precautions. 

Traditionally, GCP has been a term used by those in government and industry to identify a collection of related regulations and guidelines that, when taken together, define the clinical study-related responsibilities of sponsors, clinical investigators, monitors, and institutional review boards (IRBs). 

Laboratory-based methods have been developed for field-measurement of the main water quality parameters, and their use can be standardized. They are generally based on the same principles as the equivalent laboratory based methods (e.g. oxidation, colorimetry, photometry) but use simplified procedures in order to overcome the constraints of working in the field. Currently there are numerous commercially available devices for online and on-site use, and these provide efficient tools for surveillance, operational and investigative monitoring in the frame of WFD. These techniques are suitable for such applications as incident detection in water treatment plants, detection of accidental pollution, and measurement of spatial and temporal variation in water... 

The adoption of the European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD) has set new requirements for water quality monitoring in Europe. Innovative tools could play a main role in the design and implementation of operational, surveillance and investigative monitoring as described by WFD. Moreover, the monitoring requirements for successfully implementing the WFD will directly depend upon available measurement techniques of demonstrated quality, which will be able to deliver reliable data at an affordable cost. 

It can be extremely useful for the monitoring and the quantification of metal in waters under anthropogenic pressures. Hence, there are opportunities to deploy it to support operational (known pressures) or investigative monitoring (unknown... 

This field trial was conducted in the Hardt catchment area in Alsace (France). A number of on-site analytical methods (multiparameter probe, immunoassays test kits, UV spectrophotometer) was evaluated for measuring the impact of anthropogenic pressures on water quality within the context of operational and investigative monitoring within the WFD. However, this section focuses on the use of a portable Pastel UV spectrophometer for the rapid mapping of concentrations of nitrate in a catchment. 

The various types of monitoring depend upon the pre-characterisation of pressures and impacts on water bodies (requested under Article 5 of the directive). These are surveillance, operational and investigative monitoring, which all imply biological, chemical or quantitative measurements, with different frequencies and parameters. 

Implementation of the WFD requires three different types of monitoring surveillance, operational and investigative monitoring, each of which serves its own purpose. 

Investigative monitoring may be required under certain circumstances (Directive 2000/ 60/EC, Annex V. 1.3.3), e.g.,... 

Investigative monitoring might also include alarm or early warning monitoring, for example, for the protection of water bodies subject to drinking water abstraction against accidental pollution. 

Investigative monitoring can also be triggered when a water body has been identified as being at risk of failing the objectives due to chemical pressures on the basis of the assessment of biological elements. 

Before starting investigative monitoring, in-depth pressure analysis may be required. In particular, it has to be clarified whether point or diffuse sources have to be taken into account as potential cause of non-compliance. 

Monitoring in the aqnatic systems of Sweden has been going on for abont eight decades, if one considers the first investigative monitoring efforts concerning water chemistry, macrophytes and phytoplankton. The aims of these early studies were to characterise different types of lake and to investigate relationships between water chemistry and species composition of aquatic ecosystems. Even older data are available for fish captures and distribution of species, collected in the interest of food production and for commercial purposes. 

This was the situation in the year 2000 when the Water Framework Directive was put in force and surveillance, operational and investigative monitoring were introduced in Swedish legislation. 

Concerning investigative monitoring, there is no specific requirement on the respective responsibilities of die three main authorities. This is decided on a case-by-case design, and depends on, among other firings, where the impacted water body is situated, what kind of water body it is and fire size of the impact. 

---