Surfactant hydrolyzable

Fatty Held—Peptide Condensates. These proteia detergents are reaction products of fatty acid chlorides and hydrolyzed proteias. They are used ia shampoos because of their mildness on skin, hair, and to eyes when used alone or ia combination with alkyl surfactants (8). 

Many of the surfactants made from ethyleneamines contain the imidazoline stmcture or are prepared through an imidazoline intermediate. Various 2-alkyl-imidazolines and their salts prepared mainly from EDA or monoethoxylated EDA are reported to have good foaming properties (292—295). Ethyleneamine-based imida zolines are also important intermediates for surfactants used in shampoos by virtue of their mildness and good foaming characteristics. 2- Alkyl imidazolines made from DETA or monoethoxylated EDA and fatty acids or their methyl esters are the principal commercial intermediates (296—298). They are converted into shampoo surfactants commonly by reaction with one or two moles of sodium chloroacetate to yield amphoteric surfactants (299—301). The ease with which the imidazoline intermediates are hydrolyzed leads to arnidoamine-type stmctures when these derivatives are prepared under aqueous alkaline conditions. However, reaction of the imidazoline under anhydrous conditions with acryflc acid [79-10-7] to make salt-free, amphoteric products, leaves the imidazoline stmcture essentially intact. Certain polyamine derivatives also function as water-in-oil or od-in-water emulsifiers. These include the products of a reaction between DETA, TETA, or TEPA and fatty acids (302) or oxidized hydrocarbon wax (303). The amidoamine made from lauric acid [143-07-7] and DETA mono- and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate is a very effective water-in-od emulsifier (304). 

Fuming sulfuric acid containing 10-60% sulfur trioxide hydrolyzes perfluoro-Af-alkylcyelic amines to perfluoro-Al-alkyl lactams. Mercuric sulfate acts as a Catalyst [JO, 31] (equation 33). The lactams ate highly reactive and can be used to prepare polymenc films and surfactants... 

Butylene oxide may be hydrolyzed to butylene glycol, which is used to make plasticizers. 1,2-Butylene oxide is a stabilizer for chlorinated solvents and also an intermediate in organic synthesis such as in surfactants and pharmaceuticals. 

Two kinds of solution were prepared in advance. Solution A was a water solution containing an Si source, which was obtained by hydrolyzing metal alkoxide (tetraethylorthosilicate, TEOS) with a dilute tetrapropylammoniumhydroxide (TPA-OH)/water solution at room temperature. The molar ratio of Si to the template was 3. In peparation of ZSM-S zeolite nanoerystals, aluminium isopropoxide as an A1 source and sodium chloride were added into solution A. Solution B was an oi mic solution containing surfectant Nonionie surfactants, poljraxyethylene (15) cxslylether (C-15), polyoxyethylene (15) nonylphenylether (NP-15), and polyoxyethylene (15) oleylether (O-15), and ionic surfoctnnts, sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosucdnate (AOT) and... 

A corrosion inhibitor with excellent film-forming and film-persistency characteristics is produced by first reacting Cig unsaturated fatty acids with maleic anhydride or fumaiic acid to produce the fatty acid Diels-Alder adduct or the fatty acid-ene reaction product [31]. This reaction product is further reacted in a condensation or hydrolyzation reaction with a polyalcohol to form an acid-anhydride ester corrosion inhibitor. The ester may be reacted with amines, metal hydroxides, metal oxides, ammonia, and combinations thereof to neutralize the ester. Surfactants may be added to tailor the inhibitor formulation to meet the specific needs of the user, that is, the corrosion inhibitor may be formulated to produce an oil-soluble, highly water-dispersible corrosion inhibitor or an oil-dispersible, water-soluble corrosion inhibitor. Suitable carrier solvents may be used as needed to disperse the corrosion inhibitor formulation. 

TDF drum filter, 77 377-378 TD resins, 22 586, 588-589 applications of, 22 589 Tea, 2 108, 6 366 TEA-abietoyl hydrolyzed collagen cosmetic surfactant, 7 834t... 

Abstract There is a growing demand for hydrolyzable surfactants, i.e., sirnfactants that break down in a controlled way by changing the pH. Environmental concern is the main driving force behind current interest in these sirnfactants, but they are also of interest in applications where sirnfactants are needed in one stage but later undesirable at another stage of a process. This chapter summarizes the field of hydrolyzable sirnfactants with an emphasis on their more recent development. Surfactants that break down either on the acid or on the alkaline side are described. It is shown that the susceptibility to hydrolysis for many surfactants depends on whether or not the surfactant is in the form of micelles or as free unimers in solution. It is shown that whereas nonionic ester sirnfactants are more stable above the CMC (micellar retardation), cationic ester surfactants break down more readily when aggregated than when present as unimers (micellar catalysis). 

Hydrolyzable surfactants are, as the name implies, surfactants that break down by hydrolysis. Implicit in the phrase is that the surfactant is designed in such a way that hydrolysis will be simpUfied. Hydrolyzable surfactants are sometimes seen as synonymous with cleavable surfactants, which is a phrase commonly seen in the literature. In a strict sense there is a difference between the two, however, since surfactants may be cleaved by means other than hydrolysis. Hydrolyzable surfactants are therefore just a fraction, although a major fraction, of cleavable surfactants. 

The interest in cleavable surfactants has increased rapidly in recent years and the topic has been covered in review papers during the last decade [1-4]. This chapter begins with a relatively thorough discussion about the incentive for hydrolyzable surfactants, continues with a discussion about biodegradation of surfactants, which is important for understanding the concept of hydrolyzable surfactants, and then gives an account of the development of hydrolyzable surfactants with an emphasis on recent results. 

The general attitude towards surfactants that are readily hydrolyzable has changed in recent years. Environmental concern has become one of the main driving forces for the development of new surfactants and the rate of... 

Most cleavable surfactants contain a hydrolyzable bond. Chemical hydrolysis is either acid- or alkaU-catalyzed and many papers discuss the surfactant breakdown in terms of either of these mechanisms, hi the environment, bonds susceptible to hydrolysis are often degraded by enzymatic catalysis, but only few papers dealing with cleavable surfactants have dealt with such processes in vitro. Other approaches that have been taken include incorporation of a bond that can be destroyed by UV irradiation or use of a bond which is cleaved when exposed to ozone. 

In order to study the effect of substituents near the hydrolyzable bond, four fatty acid ethoxylates with different degrees of steric hindrance near the ester bond, see Fig. 4, have been synthesized [18]. The homologue pure surfactants were prepared by reacting the appropriate acid chlorides with a large excess of tetra(ethylene glycol) in the presence of pyridine. 

Another interesting system containing a surface active betaine ester is the dilute aqueous mixture of dodecyl betainate and hydrophobically modified hydroxyethylcellulose (HM-HEC) that has been studied by Karlberg et al. [33]. It is well known that the viscosity of mixtures of HM polymers and surfactants is strongly dependent on the concentration of the amphiphile. By preparing a mixture of a surface active betaine ester and HM-HEC in a solution buffered at a pH where the surfactant is hydrolyzed, it is possible to make a gel with a time-dependent viscosity. 

The chemical stability of the amide bond is high. When the surfactant containing an amide bond was subjected to 1 M sodium hydroxide during five days at room temperature, only 5% of the amide surfactant was cleaved. The corresponding experiment performed in 1 M HCl resulted in no hydrolysis. The amide bond was, however, found to be slowly hydrolyzed when lipase from Candida antarctica or peptidase was used as catalyst. Amidase and lipase from Mucor miehei was found to be ineffective. Despite the very high chemical stability, the amide surfactant biodegrades by a similar path in the... 

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