In strict sense

For a sequenee of reaetion steps two more eoneepts will be used in kinetics, besides the previous rules for single reaetions. One is the steady-state approximation and the seeond is the rate limiting step eoneept. These two are in strict sense incompatible, yet assumption of both causes little error. Both were explained on Figure 6.1.1 Boudart (1968) credits Kenzi Tamaru with the graphical representation of reaction sequences. Here this will be used quantitatively on a logarithmic scale. 

The influence could be minimized by evaluating the dichroic ratios related to two spectrally neighboured bands the transition moments of which are parallel to one of the molecular transverse axes each Due to the uniaxiality of the pha.se these bands should be similarly influenced, so that reliable information on D results (Korte, 1983 Dampen, 1991). To be sure about the transition moments being. strictly parallel to one of the three molecular axes, the symmetry of the molecules should be C2, or D21, (Michl and Thulstrup, 1986), what in strict sense is hardly found with mesogenic molecules. 

Stability in mathematical sense is usually associated with some property that is satisfied for all times. E.g., an equilibrium point is said to be stable if every neighborhood V of the point is invariant for all orbits with initial point in a second neighborhood U C V. However, stability in strict sense is hard to prove. On the other hand, we can look for weaker statements that are still meaningful for the real world. 

Keywords Grammar inference k-Testable language in strict sense Probabilistic deterministic finite automata Timed-transition systems Evolution of elderly people disability... 

We present an algorithm for inferring a model of a timed transition system based on the K-Testable Language in Strict Sense (K-TLSS). 

Empirical solvent strength scales are all based on the assumption that solvents have a solute-independent property characterizing their solvation strength. This is, in strict sense, never true [Sn 82], nevertheless surprisingly good correlations have been found between solvent dependent properties and empirical solvation parameters in a vast number of systems [Di 63, Gu 68, Ko 57, La 82, Ma 75 etc.]. 

Ef=i En V.oeo En AT(n) nopho t), since the function contains random variables, in strict sense it is no completely mathematical meaning. Here it is interpreted as the total sales revenue of all products of aU customers O in the period T on condition that the demand and the price are uncertain ... 

The experimentally determined temperature range of the formation of microvoids in crystals with a large diameter is 1403... 1343 K (Kato et al, 1996 Itsumi, 2002). In this respect, the approximate calculations for the solution in terms of the model of point defect dynamics were performed at temperatures in the range 1403...1073 K. The computational model uses the classical theory of nucleation and formation of stable clusters and, in strict sense, represents the size distribution of clusters (microvoids) reasoning from the time process of their formation and previous history. 

The finite dimensional distribution of order of a at Xi, X2,. ..,xq e D is the probability of the set n, a(x to) < a,. The random field is homogeneous (in strict sense), if the finite dimensional distributions are invariant under a space shift and thus depend only on the space lag. 

The inconsistent streamline upwind scheme described in the last section is fonuulated in an ad hoc manner and does not correspond to a weighted residual statement in a strict sense. In tins seetion we consider the development of weighted residual schemes for the finite element solution of the energy equation. Using vector notation for simplicity the energy equation is written as... 

In a word, all these receptors are more or less able to discriminate against cations that are either smaller or larger than thek cavity (44). However, in a strict sense, discrimination of metal-ion spheres does not concern with molecular recognition but selection of the carbon ball C q certainly does. In fact, the fuUerene C q has been included into the cavity of octa-/ f2 butylcalix[8]arene (Fig. 8c) shutting out C q and making a very convenient and efficient C q purification possible without any expensive apparatus (45). 

OC-Methylstyrene. This compound is not a styrenic monomer in the strict sense. The methyl substitution on the side chain, rather than the aromatic ring, moderates its reactivity in polymerization. It is used as a specialty monomer in ABS resins, coatings, polyester resins, and hot-melt adhesives. As a copolymer in ABS and polystyrene, it increases the heat-distortion resistance of the product. In coatings and resins, it moderates reaction rates and improves clarity. Physical properties of a-methylstyrene [98-83-9] are shown in Table 12. 

Guanine is obtained fiom various fish including menhaden, herring, and alewives. To prepare the colorant, scales are scraped from the fish, levigated, and washed with water, and then made into one or more commercial forms, depending on the intended use. Typically, guanine is suppHed as a paste or suspension in water, castor oil, or nitrocellulose. Guanine is not a colorant in the strict sense but instead is used to produce iridescence in a product. 

At the other end of the spectrum are the ab initio ( from first principles ) methods, such as the calculations already discussed for H2 in Chapter 4. I am not trying to imply that these calculations are correct in any strict sense, although we would hope that the results would bear some relation to reality. An ab initio HF calculation of the potential energy curve for a diatomic Aj will generally give incorrect dissociation products, and so cannot possibly be right in the absolute sense. The phrase ab initio simply means that we have started with a certain Hamiltonian and a set of basis functions, and then done all the intermediate calculations with full rigour and no appeal to experiment. 

The term aromatic will be used in a strict non-historical sense to mean possessing a cyclic 7r-electron system (6 and 10 electrons for the mono- and bi-cyclic rings discussed in this review). Heteroaromatic compounds, like carboaromatics, have widely different degrees and types of electronic dissymmetry and polarizabihty. Consequently, their reactivity varies tremendously with any one reagent and their relative reactivity changes drastically with the type of reagent. In this sense, aromatic compounds show differences in reactivity but not in aromaticity. The virtues of this qiuilitative concept of aromaticity and the pitfalls of trying to use it as a quantitative concept in modern context have been ably presented by Peters and by Balaban and Simon. ... 

In modern practice, inhibitors are rarely used in the form of single compounds — particularly in near-neutral solutions. It is much more usual for formulations made up from two, three or more inhibitors to be employed. Three factors are responsible for this approach. Firstly, because individual inhibitors are effective with only a limited number of metals the protection of multi-metal systems requires the presence of more than one inhibitor. (Toxicity and pollution considerations frequently prevent the use of chromates as universal inhibitors.) Secondly, because of the separate advantages possessed by inhibitors of the anodic and cathodic types it is sometimes of benefit to use a formulation composed of examples from each type. This procedure often results in improved protection above that given by either type alone and makes it possible to use lower inhibitor concentrations. The third factor relates to the use of halide ions to improve the action of organic inhibitors in acid solutions. The halides are not, strictly speaking, acting as inhibitors in this sense, and their function is to assist in the adsorption of the inhibitor on to the metal surface. The second and third of these methods are often referred to as synergised treatments. 

Although not strictly absorption methods in the sense in which the term is usually employed, turbidimetric and nephelometric methods which involve measuring the amount of light stopped or scattered by a suspension should also be mentioned at this point. 

As to the general issue of reduction, chemists would do well to consider the work of philosophers of science, who have for some time renounced the notion that any particular branch of science may be strictly reduced to a more basic science. The classic work giving conditions for strict reduction is by Nagel (53), and several detailed criticisms of his views have been published (54, 55). More recently there appears to be a partial return to reductionism under the guise of supervenience . Chemistry is said to supervene over physics even though it cannot be shown to be strictly reducible in the sense of Nagel. Whether supervenience represents merely a hope and whether it holds any explanatory power is the focus of much current work in philosophy (56-58). 

For example, whichever form of the table is used, an interesting feature emerges The sequence 2,10,18, 36,54, 86 of atomic numbers, in which each period is dosed in the sense of reaching a noble-gas structure, does not appear to have a strictly quantum-mechanical explanation. Although Pauli s brilliant discovery... 

However, Pauli s Nobel Prize-winning work did not provide a solution to the question which I shall call the closing of the periods —that is why the periods end, in the sense of achieving a full-shell configuration, at atomic numbers 2,10, 18, 36, 54, and so forth. This is a separate question from the closing of the shells. For example, if the shells were to fill sequentially, Pauli s scheme would predict that the second period should end with element number 28 or nickel, which of course it does not. Now, this feature is important in chemical education since it implies that quantum mechanics cannot strictly predict where chemical properties recur in the periodic table. It would seem that quantum mechanics does not fully explain the single most important aspect of the periodic table as far as general chemistry is concerned. 

The prevision of phenomena not yet observed has been rightly declared by methodologists to be one of the principal distinctions between science, in the strict sense of the term, and a mere accumulation of unorganised knowledge the discovery of gallium thus shows the value of Mendeleev s theory. 

Catalyst Basically a phenomenon in which a relatively small amount of substance augments the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being consumed recovered unaltered in form and amount at the end of the reaction. It generally accelerates the chemical change. The materials ordinarily used to aid the polymerization of most plastics are not catalysts in the strict sense of the word (they are consumed), but common usage during the past century has applied this name tathem. 

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