Supportive intervention

Acute complications of stroke include cerebral edema, increased intracranial pressure, seizures, and hemorrhagic conversion. In the acute setting, several supportive interventions and treatments to prevent acute complications should be initiated. 

It is useful to note that the same issue does not arise in complexes that have a horizontal symmetry plane. There, a wedge geometry allows L and hj to attain equivalent positions above and below that plane. These conceptual issues have been addressed in the case of oxorhenium(V) complexes by two experimental studies, each of which supports intervention of intermediate(s) that undergo turnstile or trigonal twist mechanisms. In so doing, L and L7 attain equivalent or at least interchangeable positions. These studies are the subjects of the next two sections. 

If depression occurs, it is usually a transitory phenomenon, requiring sensitivity and supportive interventions to help work through this phase of the dying process (375). Indeed, feelings of loss, loneliness, hopelessness, anxiety, grieving, and spiritual distress are at times more intense than the physical symptoms, and social withdrawal is a natural occurrence as the active phase of dying begins (375, 376). 

The most effective treatment for schizophrenia incorporates a multidisciplinary approach in which antipsychotic medications are a necessary but insufficient component. Medication must be complemented by specific psychotherapy modalities, including family therapy, skills training, psychoeducation, supportive intervention, vocational training, and self-help groups. 

Supportive interventions Toileting substitutes and other environmental modifications Physical therapy... 

Long-term outcome assessments of pulmonary patients on PN are not available or applicable because PN is typically a short-term intervention in this patient population. There is an abundance of ht-erature supporting interventional nutrition due to the improvement of FFM, body weight, and respiratory function in ambulatory pulmonary patients. In addition, a low BMI in this patient population has been shown to be associated with increased mortality rates in some... 

Demand Reduction In the treatment area, more money was devoted to Drug Courts and a Youth Treatment Initiative was started. The Youth Treatment Initiative was to support interventions for juvenile offenders. More money was also allocated to the National Institute on Drug Abuse to conduct research. 

There are three major forms of behavior interventions. They are instructional intervention, supportive intervention, and motivational intervention (Geller 1999, 44). Instructional interventions consist of educational sessions, training exercises, and directive feedback. Supportive interventions focus on the application of positive consequences. Positive reinforcement of wanted behaviors increases the likelihood that the behavior will be performed again. Motivational interventions include positive incentive or rewards for targeted behaviors. Negative motivators often are ineffective because the consequence or penalty seems remote and improbable (Geller 1999,46). 

These cases support the findings of a retrospective chart review of 289 exposures and confirm the general opinion that methylphenidate has a high margin of safety and that full recovery is possible in cases of overdose with appropriate supportive interventions [70 ]. The toxic dose of methylphenidate in children is not certain. Doses of less than 1 mg/kg were not associated with adverse events [71 " ]. 

After people know what to do, then they need to perform the behavior correctly many times before it can become a productive habit. Therefore, the positive reinforcement we give people for their safety-related behavior can go a long way toward facflitating fluency and a transition to the automatic or habit stage. Such supportive intervention is often most powerful when it comes from one s peers. 

Note that supportive intervention is typically not preceded by a specific activator. In other words, when you support self-directed behavior you don t need to provide an instructional antecedent. The person knows what to do. You don t need to activate desired behavior with a promise (an incentive) or a threat (a disincentive). The person is already motivated to do the right thing. 

Long-term implementation of a motivational intervention, coupled with consistent supportive intervention, can lead to good habits. In other words, with substantial motivation and support, other-directed safe behavior can transition to unconscious competence without first becoming self-directed. 

Figure 5.1 reviews this intervention information by depicting relationships between four competency states (unconscious incompetence, conscious incompetence, conscious competence, and unconscious competence) and four intervention approaches (instructional intervention, motivational intervention, supportive intervention, and self-management). When people are tmaware of the safe work practice (i.e., they are unconsciously incompetent), they need repeated instructional intervention until they understand what to do. Then, as depicted at the far left of Figure 5.1, the critical question is whether they perform the desired behavior. If they do, the question of behavioral fluency is relevant. A fluent response becomes a habit or part of a regular routine, and thus the individual is unconsciously competent. 

When workers know how to perform a task safely but don t, they are considered consciously incompetent or irresponsible. This is when an external motivational intervention can be useful, as discussed earlier. Then when the desired behavior occurs at least once, supportive intervention is needed to get the behavior to a fluent state. 

Most employees need supportive intervention for their safe behavior. In other words, most experienced workers know what to do in order to prevent injury on their jobs, and they have performed their jobs safely one or more times. But the safe way might not be habitual. The individual is consciously competent but needs supportive recogrution or feedback for response maintenance and increased fluency. 

While instructional intervention consists primarily of activators, supportive intervention focuses on the application of positive consequences. Thus, when we give people rewarding feedback or recognition for particular safe behavior, we are showing om... 

For most employees, the issue is not a matter of knowing what is safe. They periodically perform all of the safe operating procedures called for on the job. The problem is consistency or fluency. They do not follow the safe protocol every time. These people need supportive intervention to keep them safe. 

When safe work practices are relatively convenient, like putting on PPE or buckling a safety belt, the behavior can become habitual. When such behavior becomes a natural part of the work routine, the participant is considered "unconsciously competent." However, some behaviors, like locking out a power source, are relatively complex and never reach the automatic stage. Regular supportive intervention is often needed to keep these inconvenient behaviors going, unless the individual is self-directed with regard to the particular behavior. 

Self-directed individuals hold themselves accoxmtable for doing the right thing, even when the behavior is relatively xmcomfortable and inconvenient. These people certainly appreciate supportive intervention from managers, friends, and coworkers, but they keep performing the safe behavior when no one is aroxmd to support them. These self-directed workers hold themselves accoxmtable. They feel responsible and go beyond the call of duty... 

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