Demand reduction

Chromium is able to use all of its >d and As electrons to form chemical bonds. It can also display formal oxidation states ranging from Cr(—II) to Cr(VI). The most common and thus most important oxidation states are Cr(II), Cr(III), and Cr(VI). Although most commercial applications have centered around Cr(VI) compounds, environmental concerns and regulations ia the early 1990s suggest that Cr(III) may become increasingly important, especially where the use of Cr(VI) demands reduction and incorporation as Cr(III) ia the product. 

Hunn, B. D. Baughman. M. L. Silver, S. C. et al. (1986). Technical Potential for Electrical Energy Conservation and Peak Demand Reduction in Texas Buildings. Austin, TX Center for Energy Studies, University of Texas. Interlaboratoiy Working Group. (1997). Scenarios of U.S. Carbon Reductions Potential Impacts of Energy-Efficient... 

It is noticeable that the use of water is not indicated in the laboratory scale, although salts have to be washed just as in the operational process. Presumably, the laboratory recipe was not meticulously kept. Reduced substrate demand (reduction to about 60%, Table 5.1) caused by a higher yield lowers the demand of base and acid (93% and 95%, respectively, related to the input of substrate 2) and, thus, salt formation and water demand. 

There has been an overall stabilisation of the ATS market with notable contractions seen on both the supply and the demand sides. The market remains highly diversified (geographically and product-wise). It continues to be characterised by youthful consumers, a comparatively inexpensive final product, and low-overhead production which is fairly close to the consumer. Some of these characteristics differentiate it from the markets for opiates, cocaine and cannabis. The ATS markets heavy reliance on regulated precursor chemicals also define its characteristics, as well as its control. In the past this has been a vibrant, highly adaptive market. However, it appears that supply control and demand reduction measures have been effective in suppressing expansion. 

There is also the possibility of demand reduction in uniform-price auctions (Ausubel and Cramton, 2002). 

Ausubel, L.M., Cramton, P., 2002. Demand Reduction and Inefficiency in Multi-Unit Auctions. University of Maryland Working Paper. 

DEA Demand Reduction, Street Smart Prevention. Costs to Society. Available online. URL http //www.justthinktwice.com/costs/. Downloaded February 27, 2006. 

National drug policies are becoming more balanced in approach, with greater emphasis placed on demand reduction relative to supply reduction. 

Over the last five years, most CEECs have attempted to counter the drug problem through institutional and legislative measures, demand-reduction activities (primarily prevention and treatment) and law enforcement. 

Demand-reduction activities have been developed in all CEECs with the active support of international organisations and programmes including the EU Phare technical assistance to drug demand reduction project, the Pompidou Group of the Council of Europe, the World Health Organisation and ESPAD. 

But despite these efforts, drug demand reduction remains a low priority in most CEECs, as reflected in the division of resources between the law-enforcement and demand-reduction sectors which favours law enforcement. 

DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION (DEA) DEA DEMAND REDUCTION STREET SMART PREVENTION... 

Several airline industry associations have expressed their opposition to the EU plan. Air carriers are concerned about the effect of compliance costs on demand and profits. Independent analyses suggest that the fare increases and demand reductions will be small generally less than 3%... 

Regardless of priorities, the fact remains that the federal government allocates biUions of dollars each year to the goals of supply and demand reduction of iUicit drugs. It is time to examine the specific activities that this money has supported and the outcomes that have been produced. 

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