Support-related effects

The hypothesis that stress can modulate MMP expression is also supported by studies in mice. Using social isolation as a stressor, the mRNA levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, matrix-type matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MT1-MMP), and urokinase-type plasminogen activator were higher in the tumor and liver tissues of the isolated mice than in control mice.91 Furthermore, a recent study has shown that restraint stress causes an increase in expression of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, another key player in the plas-minogen/plasmin enzyme system in mice.92 As these enzymes have been described to have functions besides their role in ECM remodeling,93 studies on stress-related effects on MMP/TIMP balance have implications in the relationship between stress and cancer initiation and progression.. 

Testicular degeneration was observed in rats and mice exposed to nickel sulfate ( 1.6 mg nickel/m ) and nickel subsulfide ( 1.8 mg nickel/m for rats and 3.6 mg nickelM for mice) 6 hours/day for 12 days over a 16-day period (Benson et al. 1987, 1988). The study authors indicated that testicular lesions were probably the result of emaciation rather than a direct effect of nickel (Benson et al. 1987). That testicular effects are secondary to generalized emaciation is supported by intermediate-duration studies. At doses that did not cause emaciation, no exposure-related effects were seen in sperm motility, or... 

Possible psychodynamic effects are inferred by studies comparing men to women in their response to psychopharmacological treatments. In an older study, the efficacy of TCAs was compared with that of MAOIs in depressed men and women. Women with panic attacks had a more favorable response to MAOIs, whereas men who were depressed and had panic preferentially responded to TCAs [Davidson and Pelton 1986]. In partial support of this is a reanalysis by Raskin (1974), who investigated gender-related effects in antidepressant treatment. In this reanalysis the response rate to IMI was lower in young women compared with older women and men. Thus, older data in smaller samples suggest that women have a slightly lower response to TCAs than men have. 

The initial step of the reaction, Eq. (7), provides the individual metal sulfide molecules via reaction of the M2+ ions with H2S. In the case of films derived from fatty acids, the two carboxylate functions, associated with the M2+ ion, are the sink for the two protons released from the reaction. The diffusion and coalescence of the individual MS molecules to give MS particles are depicted in Eq. (8). Despite an abundance of literature concerning Q-state particle formation in LB films, there has been little discussion relating to mechanistic aspects of how the nature of the LB support matrix effects the processes depicted in Eq. (7) and (8). The remainder of this section outlines the mechanistic and kinetic insights gained into these processes over the course of study of metal chalcogenide formation in LB films. 

TCDD can produce respiratory irritation, but the findings from controlled epidemiologic studies do not support an association between 2,3,7,8-TCDD exposure and chronic respiratory disease. It should be noted, however, that chronic bronchitis and related effects were observed in many Yusho and Yu-Cheng patients, who were exposed to the structurally related CDFs (ATSDR 1994). 

The dose-response relations for a variety of adverse effects of neuroleptic drugs have been reviewed (175). Although the dose-response relations for extrapyramidal effects are not fully understood, the evidence supports a dose-related effect. The relation is probably not linear and is influenced by several factors, but it is reasonable to... 

Although data from animal research has also confirmed a sex-specific effect of prenatal cocaine exposure (364), studies in humans have not consistently supported this (365). Nevertheless, there is other evidence that prenatal cocaine exposure has a sex-related effect on cognition at 4 years of age (366). 

Another report has provided more details from physical assessments and laboratory and radiological (MRI and MRS) data, and more information about the course of this heroin-related effect (21). The three cases showed raised concentrations of intracerebral lactate (reflecting mitochondrial dysfunction), which suggests a conversion of aerobic to anaerobic metabolism seen in hypoxic-ischemic conditions, including stroke. One patient recovered quite well after antioxidant therapy, supporting a metabolic effect of the heroin-related toxin a similar response to co-enzyme Q has been found in other mitochondrial disorders with a high CSF lactate. Thus, the authors recommended that although the role of antioxidant therapy in this condition is unclear, it may be prudent to administer oral co-enzyme Q supplemented with vitamins C and E to patients with this syndrome. 

This equal subdivision of the human variability factor was supported by a subsequent, more extensive analysis of appropriate kinetic parameters for 60 compounds in humans and concentration-effect data for 49 compound-related effects. 

Recently, Pt/Nb20s catalysts have been investigated on dehydrogenation of alkanes. These systems have presented advantages on selectivity towards olefins when compared to Pt/ALOs or even Pt-Sn/A]20 , catalysts [4-6]. The promoting mechanism is related to both the SMSI (Strong Metal Support Interaction) effect and the low acidity of the support, which produce a sharp decrease in hydrogenolysis and aromatization, respectively [5]. 

There are two different levels where fouling phenomena and related effects may interfere with performance of composite inorganic or hybrid membranes. The first and the more classically reported in literature is the one of the separation process itself, which through various interactions between solution and material (adsorption, surface deposits, pore plugging) generally leads to reduced fluxes and increased retentions. The second, much more less described by authors but of the same nature and with analogous effects, concerns membrane preparation, and the possible interactions between deposited layers. Theses two aspects are linked up with the so-called formed-in-place membranes, obtained by deposition of species onto a ceramic support through cross-flow filtration. In what follows, they will be described in a unified approach. 

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