Epidemiology controls

Coura, J. R. and Dias, J. C. P. (2009). Epidemiology, control and surveillance of Chagas disease—100 years after its discovery. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 104(Suppl. I), 31 0. 

In general, a great deal more is known about the acute effects of ambient air pollutants than is known about the chronic effects. The following discussion will outline the findings of epidemiologic, controlled clinical and animal studies that have examined the adverse health effects of outdoor air pollutants. More detailed information can be found in the Further Reading section. 

All human studies dealing with chronic mustard disease processes are retrospective and fraught with the problems inherent in retrospective smdies. These problems include bias in the samphng populations lack of epidemiological controls from the effects of smoking, lifestyle, race, gender, age, or exposure to other chemicals differential quality of available health care and incorrect diagnosis. These limitations make absolute interpretation of the studies difficult. 

Iodine-azide test. Branch normal N°105. Collection of methods for obligatory laboratory tests for hygienic-epidemiological control in the field of work hygiene - industrial toxicology, Ministry of Health, 170-176, Sofia, (1987) (in Bulgarian). 

Epidemiological and clinical studies of workers and other long-term case-control studies... 

Epidemiological and case-control studies suggested that Ca2+ channel blockers cause increased risk for... 

Anthony JC, Warner LA, Kessler RC Comparative epidemiology of dependence on tobacco, alcohol, controlled substances, and inhalants basic findings from the National Comorbidity Survey. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2 244—268, 1994... 

Case-Control Study—A t5q)e of epidemiological study which examines the relationship between a particular outcome (disease or condition) and a variety of potential causative agents (such as toxic chemicals). In a case-controlled study, a group of people with a specified and well-defined outcome is identified and compared to a similar group of people without outcome. 

The current evidence base for the injection of epinephrine in the initial acute treatment of anaphylaxis includes clinical experience during nearly a century of use, observational studies, epidemiological studies, fatality studies, and randomized controlled trials in people at risk for anaphylaxis although not actually experiencing it at the time of the study. Moreover, the pharmacology of epinephrine has been... 

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention conducted a randomized epidemiological study on patients who had received morphine nerve paste post-operatively for pain management purposes. Ninety-four percent of the patients used in the cohort presented themselves with surgical-site comphcations such as edema and inflammation 24 days (median) post-operation. Upon culturing of the wounds, 64% tested positive for bacterial infection. It is important to note that aU of the patients were found to have residual morphine paste on board indicative of a chronic morphine state (Sacerdote et al. 2000). 

Cancer. Workers who have been exposed to trichloroethylene show no higher incidence of cancer than controls in numerous epidemiologic studies (Axelson et al. 1978 Hardell et al. 1981 Malek et al. 1979 Novotna et al. 1979 Paddle 1983 Spirtas et al. 1991 Tola et al. 1980). Studies that did show an increased incidence of specific cancers in exposed workers were complicated by exposures to other chemicals, including known human carcinogens (Antilla et al. 1995 Blair et al. 1979 Hardell et al. 1994 Henschler et al. 1995). 

STEINMETZ K A and POTTER J D (1991) Vegetables, fruit, and cancer. I. Epidemiology , Cancer Causes Control, 2, 325-51. 

Carotenoids and prostate cancer — Numerous epidemiological studies including prospective cohort and case-control studies have demonstrated the protective roles of lycopene, tomatoes, and tomato-derived products on prostate cancer risk other carotenoids showed no effects. " In two studies based on correlations between plasma levels or dietary intake of various carotenoids and prostate cancer risk, lycopene appeared inversely associated with prostate cancer but no association was reported for a-carotene, P-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, or p-cryptoxanthin. - Nevertheless, a protective role of all these carotenoids (provided by tomatoes, pumpkin, spinach, watermelon, and citrus fruits) against prostate cancer was recently reported by Jian et al. ... 

Carotenoids and urino-digestive cancers — On the whole, findings from epidemiological studies did not demonstrate a protective role of carotenoids against colorectal, gastric, and bladder cancers. Indeed, most prospective and case-control studies of colorectal cancer showed no association with dietary intake or plasma level of most carotenoids. - Only lycopene and lutein were shown to be protective against colorectal cancer. Otherwise, findings from the ATBC study s showed no effect of P-carotene supplementation on colorectal cancer. 

Carotenoids and cardiovascular diseases — Numerous epidemiological studies aimed to study the relationship of carotenoids and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) including coronary accident risk and stroke. It appeared then that observational studies, namely prospective and case-control studies, pointed to a protective effect of carotenoids on myocardial infarct and stroke, but also on some atherosclerosis markers such as intima media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery (CCA) and atheromatous plaque formation. 

Perombelon MCM (1992) Potato blackleg Epidemiology, host-pathogen interaction and control. Neth J PI Pathol 98 135-146... 

Epidemiological studies in Europe reveal an inverse relationship between plasma vitamin E levels and the incidence of ischaemic heart disease (Gey and Puska 1989), and the risk of angina pectoris appears to increase with low plasma levels of vitamins E, A and C (Rie-mersma et al., 1991). These interesting observations require further population-based controlled intervention trials with specific supplements of antioxidant vitamins (Gey etal., 1991). 

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