Sulfur malleability

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Soft, silver white metal usually found in combination with other elements such as oxygen, chlorine or sulfur malleable or powder soluble in acids and in ammonium nitrate solution solubility in water ranges with compound MP (320.9°C) BP (767°C) DN (8.642 g/ml) VP (1 mm Hg at 394°C). 

Pure silver has a brilliant white metallic luster. It is a little harder than gold and is very ductile and malleable, being exceeded only by gold and perhaps palladium. Pure silver has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of all metals, and possesses the lowest contact resistance. It is stable in pure air and water, but tarnishes when exposed to ozone, hydrogen sulfide, or air containing sulfur. The alloys of silver are important. 

Lead is a bluish-white metal of bright luster, is very soft, highly malleable, ductile, and a poor conductor of electricity. It is very resistant to corrosion lead pipes bearing the insignia of Roman emperors, used as drains from the baths, are still in service. It is used in containers for corrosive liquids (such as sulfuric acid) and may be toughened by the addition of a small percentage of antimony or other metals. 

Platinum is a beautiful silvery-white metal, when pure, and is malleable and ductile. It has a coefficient of expansion almost equal to that of soda-lime-silica glass, and is therefore used to make sealed electrodes in glass systems. The metal does not oxidize in air at any temperature, but is corroded by halogens, cyanides, sulfur, and caustic alkalis. 

A typical up-draft sinter machine (Fig. 2) has an endless belt of malleable iron pallets with grate bottoms upon which the charge is evenly spread. Beneath the pallets, wind boxes produce an up-draft of air through the charge. At the feed end, an ignition box starts the roasting. The combustion products, mostly SO2 and SO, are collected, usually for sulfuric acid production (see Sulfuric acid and sulfur trioxide). 

The quality of steels and alloys depend on content at them alloying elements, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. The presence of harmful admixtures worsens properties of materials that show up in formation of cracks, decline of plasticity and malleability. In this connection great value has operations, which allow in this as result to decrease content of solute oxygen, phosphoms, sulfur - desoxidation, desulfuration, dephosphorization. 

A malleable substance (from rhe Latin word for hammer ) is one that can be hammered into thin sheets (Fig. B. 11). A ductile substance (from the Latin word for drawing out ) is one that can be drawn out into wires. Copper, for example, is a metal. It conducts electricity, has a luster when polished, and is malleable. It is so ductile that it is readily drawn out to form electrical wires. Sulfur, on the other hand, is a nonmetal. This brittle yellow solid does not conduct electricity, cannot be hammered into thin sheets, and cannot be drawn out into wires. The distinctions between metals and metalloids and between metalloids and nonmetals are not very precise (and not always made), but the metalloids are often taken to be the seven elements shown in Fig. B.12 on a diagonal band between the metals on the left and the nonmetals on the right. 

The (compositionally) simplest mineral class comprises the native elements, that is, those elements, either metals or nonmetals that occur naturally in the native state, uncombined with others. Native gold, silver, and copper, for example, are metals that naturally occur in a ductile and malleable condition, while carbon - in the form of either graphite or diamond -and sulfur are examples of nonmetallic native elements. Next in compositional complexity are the binary minerals composed of two elements a metal or nonmetallic element combined with oxygen in the oxides, with a halogen - either fluorine, chlorine bromine, or iodine - in the halides, or sulfur, in the sulfides. The oxide minerals, for example, are solids that occur either in a somewhat hard, dense, and compact form in mineral ores and in rocks, or as relatively soft, unconsolidated sediments that melt at moderate to... 

Niobium is not attacked by cold acids but is very reactive with several hot acids such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric, and phosphoric acids. It is ductile (can be drawn into wires through a die) and malleable, which means it can be worked into different forms. 

The two main varieties of malleable iron arc ferritic and pcarlitic. the former more machinable and more ductile the latter stronger and harder. Carbon in malleable iron ranges between 2.30 and 2.65%. Ranges of other constituents are manganese, 0.30 to 0.40% silicon, 1.00 to 1.50% sulfur, 0.07 to 0.15% and phosphorus, 0.05 to 0.12%. 

Lead s durability (its chemical inertness) and malleability make it useful in the construction industry. The inertness of lead under normal conditions can be traced to the passivation of its surface by oxides, chlorides, and sulfates. Passivated lead containers can be used for transporting hot concentrated sulfuric acid but not nitric acid, because lead nitrate is soluble. Another important property of lead is its high density, which makes it useful as a radiation shield because its numerous electrons absorb high-energy radiation. The main use of lead today is for the electrodes of rechargeable storage batteries (see Box 12.1). 

I. Platinum. Platinum (mp 1,769°C), is a malleable and ductile metal with high chemical resistance. Because of this resistance, it finds use in some laboratory ware. It is attacked by aqua regia, and, at somewhat elevated temperatures, by sulfur, phosphorus, halogens, and cyanide (in the presence of air). The coefficient of expansion for platinum nearly matches that of soft glass (flint glass), and an adequate seal between platinum wire and soft glass may be obtained. 

Nonmetals Nonmetals are found on the right side of the periodic table and, like metals, are also easy to characterize by their appearance. Eleven of the seventeen nonmetals are gases, one is a liquid (bromine), and only five are solids at room temperature (carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, and iodine). None are silvery in appearance, and several are brightly colored. The solid nonmetals are brittle rather than malleable, and they are poor conductors of heat and electricity. 

The basic oxygen process produces steels that contain about 1% carbon but only very small amounts of phosphorus and sulfur. Usually, the composition of the liquid steel is monitored by chemical analysis, and the amounts of oxygen and impure iron used are adjusted to achieve the desired concentrations of carbon and other impurities. The hardness, strength, and malleability of the steel depend on its chemical composition, on the rate at which the liquid steel is cooled, and on subsequent heat treatment of the solid. The mechanical and chemical properties of a steel can also be altered by adding other metals. Stainless steel, for example, is a... 

For Stahl, as for Becher, water and earth were the key principles of chemical substances. Like Becher, Stahl said that there were three different kinds of earth, but he described these somewhat differendy from his mentor. There was metallic or mercurial earth, which accounted for the brightness and malleability of metals, their ability to be molded and worked by a goldsmith or blacksmith. Then came vitrffiable earth (earth that can be turned into a glassy substance), and this was what made substances able to melt. It was associated with the heavy, lumpish nature of minerals. Finally, there was sulfurous earth, also known as phlogistic earth or phlogiston, and this enabled bodies to burn and flame. These three earths were chemical principles. 

Silver is a white, lustrous, soft, and malleable metal (mp 961°C) with the highest known electrical and thermal conductivities. It is chemically less reactive than copper, except toward sulfur and hydrogen sulfide, which rapidly blacken silver surfaces. The metal dissolves in oxidizing acids (concentrated HN03) and in cyanide solutions in the presence of oxygen or hydrogen peroxide. 

When we pour carbon disulfide, a colorless, flammable hquid, on the sulfur sample, the solid sulfur disappears, and the liquid turns yeUow. The sulfur has dissolved, forming a solution with the carbon disulfide. When we pour carbon disulfide on the iron, nothing happens the iron stays solid, and the liquid stays colorless. If we had large pieces of each element, we could pound them with a hammer and find that the sulfur is brittle and easily powdered but that the iron does not easily break into small pieces. Iron is malleable—that is, it can be pounded into various shapes. Table 1.2 lists the properties discussed so far of the two elements. 

The metallic elements are familiar to us all through our everyday lives. From experience we know that metals are shiny, conduct heat and electricity very well (think about electrical wires and pots and pans), can be formed into many different shapes (in other words, they are malleable), and can be drawn into wires (are ductile). The only metal that is not a solid at room temperature is mercury, which exists as a liquid and is often used in thermometers. The nonmetal elements familiar to us include the atmospheric gases nitrogen and oxygen (O). Other important nonmetals, especially for the maintenance of life, are carbon (C), hydrogen (H), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P). Most nonmetals are either gases or solids at room temperature and have properties opposite those of the metals. 

Physical properties Silver-white, liquid metal in the solid state, mercury is ductile and malleable and can be cut with a knife Chemical properties Combines readily with sulfur at normal temperatures reacts with nitric acid and hot sulfuric acid oxidizes to form mercury(ll) oxide upon heating in air... 

Properties Steel-gray, shining, hard, ductile, somewhat malleable metal ferromagnetic, with permeability two-thirds that of iron has exceptional magnetic properties in alloys. D 8.9, mp 1493C, bp 3100C. Attacked by dilute hydrochloric and sulfuric acids, soluble in nitric acid. Corrodes readily in air. Hardness cast 124 Brinell, electrodeposited 300 Brinell. An important trace element in soils and necessary for animal nutrition. Cobalt has unusual coordinating properties, especially the trivalent ion. Noncombustible except as powder. 

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