Diagonal bands

A malleable substance (from rhe Latin word for hammer ) is one that can be hammered into thin sheets (Fig. B. 11). A ductile substance (from the Latin word for drawing out ) is one that can be drawn out into wires. Copper, for example, is a metal. It conducts electricity, has a luster when polished, and is malleable. It is so ductile that it is readily drawn out to form electrical wires. Sulfur, on the other hand, is a nonmetal. This brittle yellow solid does not conduct electricity, cannot be hammered into thin sheets, and cannot be drawn out into wires. The distinctions between metals and metalloids and between metalloids and nonmetals are not very precise (and not always made), but the metalloids are often taken to be the seven elements shown in Fig. B.12 on a diagonal band between the metals on the left and the nonmetals on the right. 

Fig. 2.20 Efferent pathways into bulb showing (a) cholinergic (ACh) fibres projecting to MOB from basal forebrain nuclei. AON = ant. olfactory nucleus, OT = olfactory tract, DB = diagonal band nuc. (from Davis et al., 1978). (b) Nor-Adrenalin input to AOB, via MFB pathway from brain stem centres (nuclei A1-2, A6) (from Keveme, 1971).

Alam, Md. N., McGinty, D., Szymusiak, R. (1997). Thermosensitive neurons of the diagonal band in rats relation to wakefulness and non-rapid eye movement sleep. Brain Res. 752, 81-9. 

Basal forebrain accumbens nuclei, ventral palbdum, bed nucleus of the stria terminahs, diagonal band bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, diagonal band, ventral pallidum... 

Figure 12.3 Sections of rat brain at 0.2 mm anterior to bregma (B + 0.2), and 0.3 and 0.8 mm posterior (B - 0.3, B - 0.8), showing areas relevant to adenosine influences on sleep induction. HDB, horizontal diagonal band MCPO, magnocellular preoptic nucleus VLPO, ventrolateral preoptic nucleus ac, anterior commissure ox, optic chiasm.

ACh is necessary for control of skeletal muscle in verterbrates, acting as the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction. It is also involved in transmission in the autonomic nervous system (see below, under "Neuroanatomy"). Central ACh is produced in two general areas in the brain incuding the basal forebrain (medial septal nuclei, diagonal band... 

Protein identified by IHC in the ventral pallidum, cerebral cortex, the amygdaloid area, the nucleus of the diagonal band, others of rat brain (Shinoda et al., 1989). Less activity in human fetal brain than other tissues assayed by pH] release from 1-androstenedione into water (Doody and Carr, 1989). 

Basal forebrain cholinergic nuclei project to all cerebral cortical areas and the amygdala (nbM), hippocampal formation, cingulate, and hypothalamus (medial septal nucleus and vertical limb of the diagonal band), and the olfac-... 

VLDB - vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca. 

Mufson EJ, Cochran E, Benzing W, et al Galaninergic innervation of the cholinergic vertical limb of the diagonal band (Ch2) and bed nucleus of the stria terminahs in aging, Alzheimer s disease and Down s syndrome. Dementia 4 237-250, 1993 Muhlbauer HD The influence of fenfluramine stimulation on prolactin plasma levels in lithium long-term-treated manic-depressive patients and healthy subjects. Pharmacopsychiatry 17 191-193, 1984... 

---