Sulfonic acids and esters

Unsaturated Nitriles, Nitro Compounds, and Sulfonic Acids and Esters 2-33 Cyanation of vinylic organometallic compounds... 

Cesium fluoride, 68 Sulfonic acids and esters p-Toluenesulfonate esters p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride, 313 Trifluoromethanesulfonate esters N-Phenyltrifluoromethanesulfonimide, 142... 

Chlorine, bromine, and iodine can be introduced under mild conditions at free ortho- and /wra-positions to OH or NH2 groups of aromatic hydroxy and amino carboxylic acids, also into similar sulfonic acids and esters. On reaction in water an excess of bromine replaces a COOH group (see page 163). The most easily accessible derivatives of o- and / -hydroxybenzoic acid are the dihalo derivatives in which the halogen atoms are in the ortho- and para-, or in the two ortho-positions, respectively, to the OH group. When treated in... 

Stirton, A.J. J.K. Weil R.G. Bistline, Jr. Properties of salts of alpha-sulfonated acids and esters. /. 

Sulfonic acids and esters Sulfurous acid esters Sultones... 

An important role must be attributed to intermediate mixed anhydrides of sulfonic acids and mineral acids sulfonic acid anhydrides are reported to need Friedel-Crafts conditions to generate sulfones327,476. Instead of arenesulfonic acids, their methyl esters may undergo insertion of sulfur trioxide477,478 yielding mixed anhydrides, which in turn furnish... 

Amine salts of a-sulfonated fatty acids and esters are also used as antistatic agents. Mixtures of alkyl a-sulfo fatty acid ester diethanolamine salts and hexa-decyl stearate or butyl stearate are coated onto nylon yarn after fiber formation and before stretching [97]. Polypropylene can be made antistatic with an amine salt of a-sulfolauric acid [C10H21CH(SO3Na)COO +NH(CH2CH(OH) CH3)3] [98]. 

Surfactants are prepared which contain carboxylic acid ester or amide chains and terminal acid groups selected from phosphoric acid, carboxymethyl, sulfuric acid, sulfonic acid, and phosphonic acid. These surfactants can be obtained by reaction of phosphoric acid or phosphorus pentoxide with polyhydroxystearic acid or polycaprolactone at 180-190°C under an inert gas. They are useful as polymerization catalysts and as dispersing agents for fuel, diesel, and paraffin oils [69]. 

Germain and Commeyras have found that perfluoro sulfonic esters and fluorosulfates are formed in high yields by direct anodic oxidation of R,I in perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids and fluorosulfuric acid (Eqs. 12 and 13) [36]. 

A wide range of anionic surfactants (Fig. 23) has been classified into groups, including alkyl benzene sulfonates (ABS), linear alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS), alcohol sulfates (AS), alcohol ether sulfates (AES), alkyl phenol ether sulfates (APES), fatty acid amide ether sulfates (FAES), alpha-olefin sulfates (AOS), paraffin sulfonates, alpha sulfonated fatty acids and esters, sulfonated fatty acids and esters, mono- and di-ester sulfosuccinates, sulfosuccinamates, petroleum sulfonates, phosphate esters, and ligno-sulfonates. Of the anionic surfactants, ABS and LAS continue to be the major products of anionic surfactants [314, 324]. Anionic surfactants have been extensively monitored and characterized in various environmental matrices [34,35,45,325-329]. 

SULFONIC ACID AND SULFURIC ACID ESTER TO NEUTRALIZATION... 

Esters of sulfonic acids give different products depending on the reducing agent, on the structure of the parent sulfonic acid, and especially on the structure of the hydroxy compound, alcohol or phenol. 

Types of compounds are arranged according to the following system hydrocarbons and basic heterocycles hydroxy compounds and their ethers mercapto compounds, sulfides, disulfides, sulfoxides and sulfones, sulfenic, sulfinic and sulfonic acids and their derivatives amines, hydroxylamines, hydrazines, hydrazo and azo compounds carbonyl compounds and their functional derivatives carboxylic acids and their functional derivatives and organometallics. In each chapter, halogen, nitroso, nitro, diazo and azido compounds follow the parent compounds as their substitution derivatives. More detail is indicated in the table of contents. In polyfunctional derivatives reduction of a particular function is mentioned in the place of the highest functionality. Reduction of acrylic acid, for example, is described in the chapter on acids rather than functionalized ethylene, and reduction of ethyl acetoacetate is discussed in the chapter on esters rather than in the chapter on ketones. 

Phenyl-5-Pyrazolones as Coupling Components. Especially lightfast yellow shades are obtained by using l-phenyl-5-pyrazolone coupling components. The first representative of the class to appear was Tartrazine, C.I. Acid Yellow 23, 19140 [1934-21-0], which is prepared today from l-(phenyl-4 -sulfonic acid)-3-car-boxy-5-pyrazolone as the starting compound, obtained from oxaloacetic ester and phenylhydrazine-4-sulfonic acid and coupling with diazotized sulfanilic acid. 

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