Sulfonated poly phenylene

To date, much effort has been undertaken to develop new alternatives. For example, sulfonated aromatic polymers, i.e., polymers with the sulfonic acid groups directly attached to the main chain or carrying short pendant side chains with terminal sulfonic acid units, attract increasing interest because of their chemical and thermal stability, and the ease of the sulfonation procedure. Some of the proposed polymers are sulfonated polysulfone (SPSU) [134] sulfonated poly(phenylene oxide) (SPPO) [135] sulfonated poly-(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) [136] poly(phenylquinoxaline) (PPQ) [137] and poly(benzeneimidazole) (PBI) [138],... 

Sulfonated poly(phenylene sulfone) via direct polymerization. 

Schuster, M., Kreuer, K. D., Anderson, H. T. and Maier, J. 2007. Sulfonated poly(phenylene sulfone) polymers as hydrolytically and thermooxidatively stable proton conductors. Macromolecules 40 598-607. 

Sulfonated poly(4-substituted benzoyl-1,4-phenylene) homopolymers and copolymers using concentrated sulfuric acid or fuming sulfuric acid have been shown to form sulfonated polymers with variable degrees of sulfonation. To improve film formation of the sulfonated polyphenylenes, multiblock copolymers have been synthesized by reacting a more flexible poly(arylene ether sulfone) with sulfonated poly-phenylenes. ... 

Polycarbonates Poly(ether ether ketone) Poly(ether ketone) Poly(ether sulfones) Poly(phenylene sulfide) Polyethylene Acetal Polyolefins... 

F. Hamad, G. Chowdhury, and T. Matsuura. Effect of metal cations on the gas separation performance of sulfonated poly (phenylene oxide) membranes. Desalination, 145(l-3) 365-370, September 2002. 

M. Yoshimune, 1. Fujiwara, H. Suda, and K. Haraya. Gas transport properties of carbon molecular sieve membranes derived from metal containing sulfonated poly(phenylene oxide). Desalination, 193(l-3) 66-72, May 2006. 

Y. Liu, Q. Yu, J. Yuan, L. Ma, and Y. Wu. Bronsted acid-base polymer electrolyte membrane based on sulfonated poly(phenylene oxide) and imidazole. Eur. Polym. J., 42(9) 2199-2203, September 2006. 

C. Li, J. Liu, R. Guan, P. Zhang, and Q. Zhang. Effect of heating and stretching membrane on ionic conductivity of sulfonated poly(phenylene oxide). J. Membr. ScL, 287(2) 180-186, January 2007. 

Sulfonated polyphenylquinoxaline Sulfonated poly(phenylene sulfide)... 

Tsuchida et al. [95,96] reported the synthesis of poly(thiophenylene sulfonic acid) containing up to two sulfonic acid groups per repeating unit. Polymerisation of 4-(methylsulfinyl)diphenyl sulfide in sulfuric add upon heating or in the presence of SO3 resulted in sulfonated poly(sulfonium cation), which was then converted into the corresponding sulfonated poly(phenylene sulfide). 

Proton conductivity of sulfonated poly(phenylene sulfide) is 10 Scm at room temperature and relative humidity of 30%. The conductivity exponentially grows with the increase in relative humidity and reaches a value of 2x10 cm at 94% humidity (Fig. 14). 

In this case, the content of water in the polymer is 10.3 molecules per sulfonic acid group. The maximum conductivity of sulfonated poly(phenylene sulfide) (ra = 2.0) at 80 °C was 4.5 x 10 S cm . ... 

Sulfonated poly(phenylene sulfide) and S-PPBP exhibit stable proton conductivities at elevated temperatures. For this reason, they are considered as prospective polymers for manufacture of proton-conducting electrolyte membranes operating at elevated temperatures and low humidity. 

Proton-conducting polymer electrolyte membranes based on ACPs such as S-PPBP and sulfonated poly(phenylene sulfide) contain rather large amoimts of bound water. This seems to be the reason for such a sahent featme of these membranes as an increased proton conductivity at high temperatmes and/or low humidities. This conclusion was confirmed by the results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies of these systems [7]. 

Another method of preparing nanofiltration membranes is to dip-coat a thin layer of sulfonated poly(phenylene oxide) (SPPO) [17], sulfonated polysulfone (SPS) [18], or carboxylated polysulfone [19] on a porous substrate membrane. The sulfonic acid groups in SPPO and SPS also become negatively charged with -SO3 groups upon dissociation. Sulfonic acid is a stronger acid than carboxylic acid. 

Another kind of TFC NF membrane was studied by Hamza et al. [5] using AFM. Membranes were prepared by applying a thin coat of sulfonated poly(phenylene oxide) solution to a porous substrate poly(ether sulfone), followed by solvent evaporation. Mixtures of chloroform/methanol with different ratios were used as solvents. The authors reported that the nodule size decreased with an increase in chloroform concentration in the solvent mixture. In the separation experiment of sodium chloride solute, the flux decreased from 11 to less than 2 x 10 m m s as the chloroform concentration increased from 0 to 66%. Thus, the decrease in flux parallels the decrease in the nodule size. Although they did not report the surface roughness. 

SPPOH Sulfonated poly(phenylene oxide) in hydrogen form... 

High-resolution H solid-state magic-anglespinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to identify the microenvironment of methanol molecules in sulfonated poly(phenylene ether ether sulfone) and Nafion 117 membranes. 

It has been demonstrated that the majority of methanol molecules are bound onto the backbone of sulfonated poly(phenylene ether ether sulfone). In contrast, almost all of the methanol molecules in Nafion are in a free state. Thus, a larger amount of bound methanol molecules and a stronger interaction between methanol molecules in sulfonated poly-(phenylene ether ether sulfone) are seen. Therefore, their low methanol permeability is observed [102]. 

Liu Y, Yu Q, Wu Y. More studies on the sulfonated poly(phenylene oxide)+imidazole bronsted acid-base polymer electrolyte membrane. J Phys Chem Solids 2007 68(2) 201-5. 

Zhong G, Liu Z, Li T, Cheng H, Yu S, Fu R, et al. The states of methanol within nation and sulfonated poly(phenylene ether ether sul-fone) membranes. J Membr Sci 2013 428 212-7. 

Highly sulfonated poly(phenylene sulfide sulfone) can be prepared by the polycondensafion of sulfonated difluorodiphenyl sulfone [33,34]. Metal sulfides such as Li2S, Na2S, BaS, and CaS are used. 

In the first step, a sulfonated poly(phenylene sulfide sulfone) is formed, which is then oxidized with hydrogen peroxide to the corresponding sulfonated poly(phenylene sulfone). The method of condensation has been optimized [34]. Polymers with high... 

Crosslinked sulfonated poly(phenylene sulfide sulfone nitrile) has been prepared for its potential use for direct methanol fuel cell membrane applications [91]. The monomers and the synthesis are shown in Figure 5.9. 

Atanasov V, Buerger M, Wohlfarth A, Schuster M, Kreuer KD, Maier J. Highly sulfonated poly(phenylene sulfones) optimization of the polymerization conditions. Polym Bull... 

Phu DS, Lee CH, Park CH, Lee SY, Lee YM. Synthesis of crosslinked sulfonated poly(phenylene sulfide sulfone nitrile) for direct methanol fuel cell applications. Macro-mol Rap Commun 2009 30(l) 64—8. 

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