Sulfonated lignins

Anionic hydrophobic Sulfonated lignin sodium salt, sodium polystyrenesulfonate Buffer or salt solution with organic solvent (e.g., 20% CH,CN in 0.1 M NaNOd... 

Internal treatment-related problems may take the form of organic material present in deposits of iron oxide corrosion debris and salt scales. The material typically is present as carbonized organic components and may originate from water treatment chemicals such as quebracho, wattle, pymgallol, or other tannin derivatives. Also, acrylates, starches, sulfonated lignins, and other sludge dispersants may be present. 

Elution of Non-Sulfonated Lignins with Sodium Hydroxide Solution as Eluent... 

Non-sulfonated lignins such as those from alkaline pulping processes are insoluble in water but easily soluble in sodium hydroxide solutions. When dissolved in and eluted with a sodium hydroxide solution, they show polyelectrolyte properties, i.e., the molecular species interact. As revealed by Figure 9, the fractionation result is strongly dependent on the sodium hydroxide concentration up to a concentration of 0.4M. A 0.5M sodium hydroxide solution is thus an appropriate eluent for fractionation on Sephadex G-50 (3). 

Non-sulfonated lignins find utility as emulsifiers and stabilizers in water-based asphalt emulsions, as coreactants in phenolic binder applications, as negative plate expanders in lead acid storage batteries, as protein coagulants in fat rendering, and as flocculants in waste water systems. 

The sulfonated lignin products function primarily as dispersants in aqueous systems and help to form stable dispersions of a number of insoluble materials. For example, lignin dispersants find use in pigments, carbon black, gypsum, ceramics, coal slurry and water treatment systems to mention some of the more prominent applications. 

Watkins and Pfromm (1999) suggested a further method based on capacitance spectroscopy in the range 102 105 Hz to identify and tracking membrane fouling with organic macromolecules, such as sulfonated lignin, in real times. 

Paterno, L. G., and Mattoso, L. H. C. (2001). Effect of pH on the preparation of self-assembled films of poly(o-ethoxyaniline) and sulfonated lignin. Polymer 42,5239-5245. 

Sulfonated lignin is predominately used as a stabiliser in drilling muds and emulsions. However it has a wide range of other potential, though relatively low value, applications, including use as a dispersant in paints, clay, porcelain, dyes, pesticides and industrial cleaning agents. It is also used as a binder and filler in... 

Analogous conductometric titrations have been used to determine the sulfonic acid content of isolated lignin sulfonates (James and Tice 1965, Kojima et al. 1960, Peniston and McCarthy 1948, Samuelson 1948) and sulfonated lignin model compounds (Mikawa and Sato 1958). 

Bifunctional acid chlorides were useful in crosslinking sulfonated lignin model compounds in aqueous alkali (Figure 4), but they behaved poorly during inter-molecular crosslinking of polymeric lignins (26). 

Cyanuric chloride was described as a potent trifunctional crosslinking agent for both model compounds and sulfonated lignins (27) (Figure 5). A healthy incorporation of triazine functionality produced homogeneous network gels. 

Oddly, IPC was also performed on a classical ion exchange colnmn to separate 17 anionic, neutral, and cationic arsenic species in a single chromatographic run, thanks to a multiplicity of retention modes on this packing material [39], Ion pairing proved also valuable in size exclusion chromatography of sulfonated lignins [40],... 

Results on wood and pulp from Katz et al. 1984. Sulfonated lignin Oster et al. 1988. Lignin sulfonic acid Samuelson 1948. 

Among the compounds shown in Table 9.3.1, there are a few containing sulfur. This is because the main pyrolysis product containing sulfur of lignosulfonic acids seems to be SO2. This is probably generated from sulfonated lignin by reactions of the type ... 

Dispersing agents (sulfonated lignins) Carriers/Accelerants (benzene and... 

Figure 9.14 AFM images (tapping mode) of a five-bilayer film of HCI-doped POEA layers alternated with SL layers, showing the surface of the fifth layer of POEA (500 nm x 500 nm 3-D image) (a) I mu x 1 mu image of a film containing only one layer of POEA and its cross-section profile (b) 1 mu x 1 mu image of a film containing one bi layer ofPOEA/SL and its cross-section profile. (Reprinted with permission from Polymer, Effect of pH on the preparation of self-assembled films of polyfo-ethoxyaniline) and sulfonated lignin by Leonardo G. Paterno and Luiz H. C. Mattoso, 42, 12, 5239-5245. Copyright (2001) Elsvier Ltd)...

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