Carriers and Accelerants

A completely odorless carrier which may be used either atmospherically or under pressure to dye polyester fibers. This carrier provides excellent color yield and good leveling properties. 

Dyeing Assistants, Levelers and Retarders-Antiprecipitants CHEMCOGEN 132-N  

Outstanding migrating agent for disperse, acid, premetallized and cationic dyes on synthetic fibers and wool. Used as an anti-precipitant in differential dyeing with acid, disperse and cationic dyes in one bath. 

An antiprecipitant for use with acid, disperse or cationic dye combinations. CHEMCOGEN 355 is also excellent as a retarding and leveling agent for acid dyes on nylon. 

Anionic dyeing assistant in solid form that has excellent dispersing and leveling properties with disperse dyes on nylon. 

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The V ions are re-oxidized to vanadium pentoxide by adding air in the oxidation section, the anthraquinone disulfonic acid acting as oxygen carrier and accelerator. 

Charge carriers in a semiconductor are always in random thermal motion with an average thermal speed, given by the equipartion relation of classical thermodynamics as m v /2 = 3KT/2. As a result of this random thermal motion, carriers diffuse from regions of higher concentration. Applying an electric field superposes a drift of carriers on this random thermal motion. Carriers are accelerated by the electric field but lose momentum to collisions with impurities or phonons, ie, quantized lattice vibrations. This results in a drift speed, which is proportional to the electric field = p E where E is the electric field in volts per cm and is the electron s mobility in units of cm /Vs. 

Innes, W. B., Catalyst Carriers, Promoters, Accelerators, Poisons, and Inhibitors, Chapter 6 in Catalysis, Volume I, edited by P. H. Emmett, Reinhold, New York, 1954. 

Into this plasma of ionized gas is introduced an accurately metered flow of powder material suspended in a carrier gas. As the powder particles are fed into the high velocity/high temperature plasma, they are rapidly and thoroughly heated and accelerated to the surface to be coated. 

Powder materials, suspended in a carrier gas, are axially fed into the center of the exhaust within the gun nozzle, where they are heated and accelerated to approximately 2,500 feet per second. 

In addition to being a projectile carrier, a sabot also may be designed to reinforce structurally or to protect the projectile under the high pressure, temperature, and acceleration environment in the gun bore. To satisfy its main function as a projectile carrier, the sabot not only must remain intact during bore travel, but also must serve as a gas seal. Even minute leakage of proplnt gas around or thru a sabot structure is inimical because of the intense erosive power of the gas flow Sabot Applications,... 

Poly (vinyl chloride) fibers (PVC) [96, pp. 642-645], are characterized by their flame retardance. They are dyed preferably with disperse dyes [50, p. 404], [6, pp. 611], As with modacrylic fibers, high temperatures must not be used because of shrinkage of the PVC fiber. Hence, some fibers are dyed at 60-65 °C with dyeing accelerants. Other PVC fibers can be dyed at 100°C without a carrier and a few even at 110°C. Dyes must be selected with regard to the lightfastness desired. 

A very good practice for avoiding pressure losses is the flared penetration, as shown in Figure 6.11. It is very common in LNG carriers and results in practically no pressure drop due to the smooth, non-turbulent acceleration of the product into the SRV inlet piping. 

Ammonium sulphite, (NH4)2S03,Hs.O.—Neutralization of sulphurous acid by ammonia yields a solution from which the normal sulphite can be obtained as monohydrate in the form of prismatic crystals.1 At 120° C. the hydrated salt loses part of its water, and is partly converted into the pyrosulphite.2 It can be sublimed at 150° C. in a current of nitrogen, but the vapour is decomposed into sulphur dioxide, ammonia, and water.2 In the dry state the salt is more susceptible to oxidation than when moist.8 The slow oxidation to ammonium sulphate is much accelerated by keeping the solution alkaline with ammonia, by the presence of oxygen-carriers, and by pressure.4 Its heat of formation in the anhydrous form from its elements is 215-4 Cal.5 At 12° C. it dissolves in its own weight of water, yielding a solution of alkaline reaction. 

Perhaps the most striking feature of chain reactions is that some of them can result in detonation. If the propagation mechanism includes a step or steps that produce more chain carriers than they consume, the reaction is self-accelerating. This is called chain branching. The result may be an event much more violent than a thermal explosion, in which self-acceleration stems from temperature increase owing to the inability of heat transfer to keep up with the heat production of the reaction. The detonation of a nuclear bomb can be viewed as a chain reaction with neutrons as carriers and with chain branching. 

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