Lignin sulfonic acid

Manufacturing procedures for producing dye dispersions are generally not disclosed. The principal dispersants in use include long-chain alkyl sulfates, alkaryl sulfonates, fatty amine—ethylene oxide condensates, fatty alcohol—ethylene oxide condensates, naphthalene—formaldehyde—sulfuric acid condensates, and the lignin sulfonic acids. 

Certain derivatives of the lignin sulfonic acids can be determined directly in water. The nitroso derivatives, which are easily formed in solution, can be determined by differential pulse polarography [438]. Vanillin can be formed by alkaline hydrolysis [439] or alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation [440], extracted into an organic solvent and determined by gas chromatography. 

By operating without catalysts but using caustic and alcohol for generating hydrogen in the autoclave, Lautsch and Piazolo (15) were able to obtain liquid products from lignin and lignin sulfonic acid. The products were obtained as extremely complex mixtures with little commercial value. 

Leopold B (1952b) Studies on lignin VI Nitrobenzene oxidation of lignin sulfonic acids Acta Chem Scand 6 55-63... 

Peniston QP, McCarthy JL (1948) Lignin II Liberation of phenolic hydroxyl groups by alkaline cleavage of lignin sulfonic acids J Am Chem Soc 70 1329-1332... 

Results on wood and pulp from Katz et al. 1984. Sulfonated lignin Oster et al. 1988. Lignin sulfonic acid Samuelson 1948. 

Marathon-Howard process. A treatment of waste sulfite liquor from sulfite pulp manufacture to recover chemicals and reduce stream pollution. The waste sulfite is treated with lime and precipitates (1) calcium sulfite for use in preparing fresh cooking acid for the sulfite pulp process and (2) a basic calcium salt of lignin sulfonic acid (lignin sulfonates) that can be pressed and used as a fuel or used as raw material for vanillin, lignin plastics, and other chemicals. The remaining liquor with its BOD reduced 80% is the effluent. 

Polytard . [Westvaco] Lignin sulfonic acid derivs. additive for masemry cement... 

Hagevap LP (a mixture of sodium tripolyphosphate and lignin sulfonic acid derivatives). The concentration ratio of the sea water was not allowed to exceed 2 and therefore only the alkaline scales could form. As long as the maximum brine temperature did not exceed about 200° F., no evidence of scale deposition was obtained. At 210° to 215° F. there was definite indication of scale from the increase in terminal temperature difference (TTD). At the conclusion of a series of tests the inside surface of the tubes was examined and found to have a very thin layer of loose, powdery deposit (after drying) which rubbed off easily and would not be classed as scale. 

A primary objective of wood pulping is to separate lignin from cellulose. Two chemical processes are commonly used to achieve this, namely the sulfite and the sulfate methods (Kraft-process). In the sulfite process, the lignin in wood is sulfo-nated with aqueous solutions of sulfites or hydrogen sulfites, with added SO2, at high temperatures, so that soluble lignin sulfonic acids are produced, which can be dissolved out of the wood. The sulfate method uses sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfide and sodium carbonate as basic pulping chemicals. It derived its name from the small amounts of sodium sulfate which are added to balance out alkali losses. 

It has to be pointed out that, with a few exceptions, the acceleration by polyelectrolytes was associated with decreases and Table IV gives the thermodynamic parameters for the aquation reactions of Co(NH3)5Br induced by Ag". Similar decreases in and AS were found for various reactions the Hg -induced aquation of Co(NH3)5Br , the SpjAr reaction of dinitrochlorobenzoic acid with OH [51], the hydrolysis of 2,4-dinitrophenyl phosphates [reaction (E)] [33], the outer-sphere electron-transfers between Co-complexes [Co(NH3)5N3, Co(NH3)5Br , Co(en)2Cl2 ] and Ru(NH3)6 or [8, 20] [en ethylenediamine], the polyvinyl-imidazole-accelerated solvolysis of p-nitrophenylacetate [52], the coupling reactions of dinitrofluorobenzene with aminoacids [53], dipeptides [53] and aniline [54], the lignin sulfonic acid-accelerated hydrolysis of methyl acetate [55], and the hydrolysis of nitrophenyl esters [37]. The opposite tendency (acceleration caused by increases... 

From spruce lignin sulfonic acid by treatment with hot aqueous alkali (0.2-0.3%) [2807]. 

---