Sulfide compounds applications

Quatemized imidazolines with an amido moiety are suitable formulations for general oil and gas field applications. The synthesis of such compounds is detailed in the literature [1218]. For aqueous systems that contain sulfide compounds, a mixture has been described [262] that consists of an aqueous solution of an alcohol such as diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, butyl cellosolve, additional orthophosphoric acid, a fatty acid (from tall oil), substituted imidazoline, an ethoxylated fatty diamine (polyamines such as ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, etc.), and a molybdate compound. 

Amine compounds including primary amines and amine-aldehyde condensation products are commonly utilized as fuel sweetening applications. Primary amines will react with H2S to form amine sulfide compounds. These products are somewhat unstable and may tend to solubilize into water. 

Goodenough, J. B. (1%7). Description of transition metal compounds application to several sulfides. In Propriit s Thermodynamiques Physiques et Struc-turales des D riv s Semi-metalliques. Paris Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, pp. 263-92. 

The materials sciences continue to bring forth new electronically conducting solids (2-4). Virtually all of these have possible applications in electrochemical systems. Among the more interesting candidates in recent times have been semiconductors, electronically conducting polymers, intercalation materials, new forms of carbon, and oxide and sulfide compounds, especially the perovskites. A wide variety of applications could arise from these materials, including new or... 

Hypervalent iodine reagents are commonly used for the oxidation of organosulfiir compounds. Applications of hypervalent iodine reagents for the preparation of sulfoxides, including enantioselective oxidations of organic sulfides, have been summarized in reviews [519,520]. 

Middle-IR transmitting films, rare-earth doped snlfide films and snlfide films for other applications also need further study. According to the properties of specific sulfide compounds, one can chose the most suitable method to prepare sulfide films and bulk materials. Since sulfide glasses have high refractive index, sol-gel derived sulfides can also be used to infiltrate silica or polystyrene opals, in order to obtain inverse opal structures for photonic bandgap devices. 

Using the equation it is possible, knowing ASKa values to predict the location of a hnS level in the SKP spectra of any saturated sulfide compound. In fact, this level can be treated as a reference level in the analysis of the changes in the spectral structure caused only by orbital interactions devoid of the effect of charge changes on the sulfur atom. As an example one can consider the application for complex compounds with dimethyl sulfide. 

Metal oxides, sulfides, and hydrides form a transition between acid/base and metal catalysts. They catalyze hydrogenation/dehydro-genation as well as many of the reactions catalyzed by acids, such as cracking and isomerization. Their oxidation activity is related to the possibility of two valence states which allow oxygen to be released and reabsorbed alternately. Common examples are oxides of cobalt, iron, zinc, and chromium and hydrides of precious metals that can release hydrogen readily. Sulfide catalysts are more resistant than metals to the formation of coke deposits and to poisoning by sulfur compounds their main application is in hydrodesulfurization. 

Although the continuous-countercurrent type of operation has found limited application in the removal of gaseous pollutants from process streams (Tor example, the removal of carbon dioxide and sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and carbonyl sulfide), by far the most common type of operation presently in use is the fixed-bed adsorber. The relatively high cost of continuously transporting solid particles as required in steady-state operations makes fixed-bed adsorption an attractive, economical alternative. If intermittent or batch operation is practical, a simple one-bed system, cycling alternately between the adsorption and regeneration phases, 1 suffice. 

The technology is primarily applicable to the removal of inorganic fumes, vapors, and gases (e.g., chromic acid, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, chlorides, fluorides, and SOj) volatile organic compounds (VOC) and particulate matter (PM), including PM less than or equal to 10 micrometers ( m) in aerodynamic diameter (PM,q), PM less than or equal to 2.5 m in aerodynamic diameter (PMj 5), and hazardous air pollutants (HAP) in particulate form (PM ap)-... 

TRS Converter To measure hydrogen sulfide and reduced-organic sulfur compounds, the technique used is thermal oxidation, in which sulfur dioxide is produced. Hydrogen sulfide and other reduced-sulfur compounds are measured by using methods applicable to the measurement of sulfur dioxide concentrations. One method is a technique based on ultraviolet fluorescence. 

Application of radical reactions to organic synthesis has recently received much atrendon, and various important reacdons have been discovered in this field. Alkyl halides, sulfides, seleniJes, and thiocarbonyl compounds have been used as precursors to alkyl radicals. Some examples are illustrated in Scheme 7.18. ... 

The performance of VASP for alloys and compounds has been illustrated at three examples The calculation of the properties of cobalt dislicide demonstrates that even for a transition-metal compound perfect agreement with all-electron calculations may be achieved at much lower computational effort, and that elastic and dynamic properties may be predicted accurately even for metallic systems with rather long-range interactions. Applications to surface-problems have been described at the example of the. 3C-SiC(100) surface. Surface physics and catalysis will be a. particularly important field for the application of VASP, recent work extends to processes as complex as the adsorption of thiopene molecules on the surface of transition-metal sulfides[55]. Finally, the efficiciency of VASP for studying complex melts has been illustrate for crystalline and molten Zintl-phases of alkali-group V alloys. 

This procedure illustrates a broadly applicable method which is essentially that of Roth, Dubs, Gotschi, and Eschenmoser,2 for the synthesis of enolizable /1-dicarbonyl compounds. Although there are various methods for the preparation of /3-dicarbonyl systems,3 the scheme of sulfide contraction widens the spectrum of available methods. The procedure can also be utilized in the synthesis of aza and diaza analogs of /3-dicarbonyl systems. Eschenmoser2 has utilized the method to produce vinylogous amides and amidines in connection with the total synthesis of corrins and vitamin B12.4... 

The chalcogenides are binary compounds of a chalcogen (i.e., the elements of Group Ilb zinc, cadmium, mercury) with a less electropositive element, such as those of Group VIb (oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and tellurium). This section covers the sulfides, selenides, andtellurides. Oxides are reviewed above in Ch. 11. Most of the chalcogenides have useful optical characteristics and their applications are usually found in optics. 

Commonly used II-VI compounds include zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, zinc telluride, cadmium sulfide, cadmium telluride, and mercury cadmium telluride. These materials are not as widely used as the III-V compounds, one reason being that it is difficult to achieve p-type doping. Mercury cadmium telluride is used extensively in military night sights, which detect in the 8-13 im spectral band (a similar material, platinum silicide, is being developed for that purpose). The major applications ofCVD II-VI compounds are found in photovoltaic and electroluminescent displays. 

Lead(II) sulfide occurs widely as the black opaque mineral galena, which is the principal ore of lead. The bulk material has a band gap of 0.41 eV, and it is used as a Pb " ion-selective sensor and IR detector. PbS may become suitable for optoelectronic applications upon tailoring its band gap by alloying with II-VI compounds like ZnS or CdS. Importantly, PbS allows strong size-quantization effects due to a high dielectric constant and small effective mass of electrons and holes. It is considered that its band gap energy should be easily modulated from the bulk value to a few electron volts, solely by changing the material s dimensionality. 

Zinc sulfide, with its wide band gap of 3.66 eV, has been considered as an excellent electroluminescent (EL) material. The electroluminescence of ZnS has been used as a probe for unraveling the energetics at the ZnS/electrolyte interface and for possible application to display devices. Fan and Bard [127] examined the effect of temperature on EL of Al-doped self-activated ZnS single crystals in a persulfate-butyronitrile solution, as well as the time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) of the compound. Further [128], they investigated the PL and EL from single-crystal Mn-doped ZnS (ZnS Mn) centered at 580 nm. The PL was quenched by surface modification with U-treated poly(vinylferrocene). The effect of pH and temperature on the EL of ZnS Mn in aqueous and butyronitrile solutions upon reduction of per-oxydisulfate ion was also studied. EL of polycrystalline chemical vapor deposited (CVD) ZnS doped with Al, Cu-Al, and Mn was also observed with peaks at 430, 475, and 565 nm, respectively. High EL efficiency, comparable to that of singlecrystal ZnS, was found for the doped CVD polycrystalline ZnS. In all cases, the EL efficiency was about 0.2-0.3%. 

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