Success in commercialization

The unique properhes of zeolite materials combined with the conhnuous separahon properhes of membranes make zeolite membranes very attrachve for a wide range of separahon and catalysis applications. Zeolite membranes, however, have poor processability, poor mechanical stability and are much more expensive than the commercial polymer membranes with current state-of-the-art membrane manufacturing process. So far, the only large-scale commercial zeolite membrane is the A-type zeolite membrane and it has been used for dehydrahon of alcohols [22]. Further advancement in making thinner zeolite membranes and continuous improvement in membrane produchon techniques and reproducibility will make zeolite membranes more successful in commercial applicahons. 

ZSM-5 has been used successfully in commercial operations when processing high boiling range feedstock and resids. This is principally due to its ability to maintain activity despite the presence of a high concentration of feed metals. ZSM-5 s excellent metals tolerance has been demonstrated commercially at equilibrium catalyst metals levels up to 10,000 ppm nickel plus vanadium and 6,000 ppm sodium with very little detrimental effect. Laboratory tests show that ZSM-5 is far less affected by metals than Y-zeolite catalysts. Metals were introduced, as follows ... 

Whether dendritic catalysis can compete successfully in commercial applications with other systems remains to be seen. Two-phase catalysis and catalysis by... 

The oxyhydrochlorination process can utilize either a fluid bed, a fixed bed, or fluid and fixed beds in series. Published economic data (3) indicate that these various reactor designs offer potentially the same economic returns however, the fluid bed system has been the most successful in commercial operation because of the following ... 

Liquid crystals (LC) represent truly fascinating materials in terms of their properties, their importance for the fundamental understanding of molecular self-assembly, and their tremendous success in commercial applications [1, 2], Liquid crystals can be considered as a state of matter which in a unique way combines order and mobility [3-8]. The constituent molecules of LC phases are sufficiently... 

Whether dendritic catalysis can compete successfully in commercial applications with other strategies that allow recycling of the catalyst remains to be seen. Dendrimer supports are still relatively expensive, but for applications that do not require the well-defined structure of the dendrimer support, hy-perbranched polymers can offer a cheaper alternative. A recent novel strategy in this research area that might provide the added value required to make the step towards commercial applications involves the noncovalent functionalization of dendritic support with catalysts (Fig. 1). This offers several advantages above the traditional covalent approaches. In this chapter we will review the progress in the area of supramolecular dendritic catalysis. 

The first published use of cryoprotectants for muscle proteins, found to be successful in commercial application, was a combination of sucrose (10%) and polyphosphate (0.2-0.5%) which... 

However, in the paths entered during wartime shortages—dyes and ammonia—Du Font s success in commercializing new products was much slower. A joint venture with Lazote, Inc. permitted the company to use the Claude process for high-pressure production of synthetic nitrates and ammonia (SIC 2873). By 1929 Du Font accounted for 40 percent of the syn-... 

It remains to be seen which of the many separator materials will be successful in commercial applications. Obviously, this will depend on costs and market requirements, as well as on performance. Although most of the developments reviewed here have been directed towards EV batteries, many of the findings are equally applicable to valve-regulated lead-acid batteries intended for use in other applications. 

Compared with the great success in commercial applications, academic progress on the Phillips catalyst is lagging far behind, in spite of numerous research efforts during the past 60 years. Aspects of the Phillips catalyst concerning the formation, structure, oxidation state of active sites, and polymerization mechanisms, especially the initiation mechanism, are still mysterious. The difficulties for basic smdies on this important industrial catalyst system are mainly derived from the low percentage of active Cr species, the complexity of heterogeneous catalyst systems, the multiple valence states of Cr, the instant encapsulation of active sites by produced polymer, and the ultrafast polymerization rate. 

The basic tools for the modeling of the solid and liquid states belong to three main categories. We can mention first the Molecular Mechanics which rely on site-site or covalent potentials and which are used to study in particular defect formations, to calculate accoustic and optical phonon modes by lattice dynamics and to estimate mechanical and thermodynamical properties. The easy implementation of the Molecular Mechanics scheme supports its intensive use in the past and its success in commercial softwares. 

To date there has been little or no success in commercializing monomolecular assemblies of this type. However, certain areas of investigation have exhibited promising results, which have prompted investment in applied research and development. These are described in this paper. They have been grouped into three sections. The first two deal with passive and active applications of LB films. The final section concentrates on the strong claims for pyroelectric LB films to be used in thermal imaging systems. 

The rayon-based activated carbon fibres are quite expensive to make while the production of activated carbon fibre at lower cost by activating phenolic-resin carbon coatings on glass fibre substrates has been proposed, this has had no success in commercial scale production yet. 

Modulation of Objectionable Flavors in Broccoli. Since caraway seed has been utilized successfully in commercial Bavarian-style sauerkraut for suppressing undesirable sulfurous flavors, other applications to cruciferous vegetables seemed... 

This paper describes a process for hydrotreating of gasoline/ gas oil pyrolyzate from gas oil Cracking this process has proved successful in commercial scale operation. The technology outlined overcomes some of the problems created by present day gas oil cracking, i.e., high volumes of liquid pyrolyzate which... 

Although it is noted from the reported literature that hybrid separations hold considerable promise for application in various fields, their commercial implementation is not yet achieved due to inadequate validated thermodynamic and kinetic data, appropriate materials, scale-up capability, multidisciplinary design approach to process integration and lack of prototypes for demonstration. Reduction of degrees of freedom caused by the integration of these processes often leads to reduced operational flexibility. These issues need to be addressed for achieving higher success in commercial applications. 

There are several reasons for the limited success in commercial application of bacteriocins. Their physiochemical properties seem to be an obstacle when applied in a chemically complex environment such as food and feed. Being positively charged and hydrophobic/anphiphilic they will attach to negatively charged and/or lipophilic surfaces/molecules that will actually make the bacteriocins less available to reach target bacteria. There have been a great number of excellent works and reviews in recent years that directly deal with applications of bactoiocins in foods, therefore this field will not be treated in this review. We will focus on medical-related applications of bacteriocins and the potential of bacteriocin-producing bacteria as probiotics. 

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