Substitute marketing

Pernuorodecaliflr pernurotripropylamine Fluosol-DA Green Cross Alpha Intracoronary Blood substitute Marketed worldwide Yamaguchi et al. (1994) Physicians Desk Reference, p. 593 (1995)... 

TheraSkin Soluble systems (US) Cryopreserved human skin allograft, composed of living cells, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes, and a fully developed extra cellular matrix Skin substitute Marketed... 

Production capacity/capability Capacity hotels, airlines, paper mills Capability job shops, specialty printers Manufacturing efficiency Substitute marketing ... 

The rhodamines are economically the most important amino-substituted xandiene dyes. The total sales of Rhodamine B in the United States in 1980 were over 10. The total domestic market for duorescein and uranine was estimated to be over 0.5 x 10 /yr. 

The original yams were marketed as silk substitutes for use in apparel, hosiery, lace, home furnishings, ribbons, braids, and in a whole range of fabrics using blends with cotton or wool yams. As the end uses expanded beyond silk replacement, the harsh metallic luster of the yam proved disadvantageous and dull "matt" fibers had to be developed. Oil dulling was invented (11) in 1926, and an improved method using titanium dioxide was developed (12) in 1929. 

World markets for vegetable fibers have been steadily declining in recent years, mainly as a result of substitution with synthetic materials. Jute has traditionally been one of the principal bast fibers (toimage basis) sold on the world market however, the precipitous decline in jute exports by India (Fig. 2) indicate the decreasing market demand for this fiber that is vitally important to the economies of India (West Bengal), Bangladesh, and Pakistan. 

A cross-sectional view of kenaf is shown in Figure 3d. The ultimate cells are nearly cylindrical with thick cell walls. Kenaf fibers are shorter and coarser than those of jute. Both chemical (kraft) and mechanical pulps have been produced from kenaf, and successful demonstration mns of newsprint have been made for the Dallas Morning Nem, the St. Petersburg Times, and the Bakersfield Californian with a furnish of 82% kenaf chemithermomechanical pulp and 18% softwood kraft pulp. Kenaf fiber is also considered a substitute for jute and used in sacking, rope, twine, bags, and as papermaking pulp in India, Thailand, and the former Yugoslavia. RoseUe bleached pulp is marketed in Thailand. 

Since 1980, a number of new filters have appeared on the market, utilising some form of mechanical compression of the filter cake, either after a conventional pressure filtration process or as a substitute for it. In most designs the compression is achieved by inflating a diaphragm which presses the slurry or the freshly formed filter cake toward the medium, thus squee2ing an additional amount of Hquid out of the cake. 

Rigid vinyl foams ia constmction markets have grown substantially due to improved techniques to manufacture articles with controlled densities and smooth outer surfaces. Wood mol ding substitute for door frames and other wood products is an area that has grown. Rigid vinyl foams are also used ia the manufacture of pipes and wines as resia extenders and ia sidings and wiadows as the replacement of wood or wood substitutes. 

Acetylene is used primarily as a raw material for the synthesis of a variety of organic chemicals (see AcETYLENE-DERiVED CHEMICALS). In the United States, this accounts for about 80% of acetylene usage and most of the remainder is used for metal welding or cutting. The chemical markets for acetylene are shrinking as ways are found to substitute lower cost olefins and paraffins for the acetylene, with some products now completely derived from olefinic starting materials. Metalworking appHcations, however, have held up better than chemical uses. 

Process Technology Evolution. Maleic anhydride was first commercially produced in the early 1930s by the vapor-phase oxidation of benzene [71-43-2]. The use of benzene as a feedstock for the production of maleic anhydride was dominant in the world market well into the 1980s. Several processes have been used for the production of maleic anhydride from benzene with the most common one from Scientific Design. Small amounts of maleic acid are produced as a by-product in production of phthaHc anhydride [85-44-9]. This can be converted to either maleic anhydride or fumaric acid. Benzene, although easily oxidized to maleic anhydride with high selectivity, is an inherently inefficient feedstock since two excess carbon atoms are present in the raw material. Various compounds have been evaluated as raw material substitutes for benzene in production of maleic anhydride. Fixed- and fluid-bed processes for production of maleic anhydride from the butenes present in mixed streams have been practiced commercially. None of these... 

Telephone iaterviews are oftea substituted for persoaal visits or are used to supplemeat such visits. They do aot equal persoaal visits but are useful if only a few questions are iavolved or if time and cost parameters preclude extensive personal field calls. Time and cost factors have led to a decline ia the number of persoaal calls made by companies or coasultancys ia their market studies. 

There are seminars and short courses on the methodology of chemical market research. Reference 4 is a useful primer, but there is no substitute for actual fieldwork experience, facing varying degrees of suspicion by the respondents, to hone the practitioner s skills. 

The automotive industry is the principal user of P/M forgings, primarily for transmission and differential components, but also for engine parts. Other markets are in power tools and farm machinery. Cost effectiveness is generally the reason for substituting P/M forgings for conventionally forged, cast, or machined parts. 

Another market appHcation for naphthenic acid is the tire industry, where cobalt naphthenate is used as an adhesion promoter (see Adhesives Tire cords). Cobalt naphthenate improves the bonding of brass-plated steel cords to mbber, presumably by suppressing the de-zincification of brass (50). Its first reported use was in 1970 and the first patent for its use was issued in 1975 (51). About 900 t of cobalt naphthenate is used worldwide as an adhesion promoter, half of it in North America. The unit value fluctuates between 8.75—13.25 /kg because of the volatility of cobalt prices. Although it is the industry standard, the use of cobalt naphthenate is declining with the advent of more economical high metal-containing substitutes. 

A nitro alcohol is formed when an ahphatic nitro compound with a hydrogen atom on the nitro-bearing carbon atom reacts with an aldehyde in the presence of a base. Many such compounds have been synthesized, but only those formed by the condensation of formaldehyde (qv) and the lower nitroparaffins (qv) are marketed commercially. The condensation may occur one to three times, depending on the number of hydrogen atoms on the nitro-substituted carbon (R and R = H or alkyl), and yield nitro alcohols with one to three hydroxyl groups. 

Early marketing efforts for spunbonded fabrics centered on their substitution for existing, ie, woven, textile fabrics. Generally, success was achieved ia areas where only fiinctionahty was important. Extremely slow progress has occurred ia areas where textile-like aesthetics are required. Nevertheless, spunbonded fabrics are recognized as a unique class of materials within the general category of nonwoven fabrics (see Nonwoven fabrics, staple fibers). 

With the possible exception of geotextiles and housewrap, however, there have been virtually no new markets estabUshed as a result of the special characteristics of spunbonded fabrics. Growth has come about in an evolutionary fashion where spunbonded fabrics were substituted for woven fabrics. 

Medical Markets. In medical appHcations, progress has been made in the substitution of traditional materials with higher performing spunbondeds (67). Historically, flash spunbonded polyethylene was the first 100% spunbonded to find wider acceptance in medical uses such as disposable... 

Economic Aspects. Oxetanes are expensive monomers and are not readily available in commercial quantities. Commercial production of PBCMO has been discontinued its end uses were not able to support its comparatively high selling price. Energetic polymers prepared from appropriately substituted oxetanes have opened a new market for their use to prepare soHd rocket propeUants and explosives. Should this specialty market result in the large-scale production of these oxetanes even at current (1996) high prices and/or in a cheap synthetic route to oxetanes, this economic picture could change. 

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