Substantive force

Issuance of a United States patent transforms a patent appHcant into a patentee, and new concerns may arise relevant to management. For example, the patent should be reviewed to determine formal and substantive correctness. An audit should be taken regularly to determine whether there is a continuing justification to pay the maintenance fees required to keep the patent in force during its effective period. The patentee or patent assignee may have to address concerns of patent infringement or patent vaHdity. 

Direct dyes are attracted to the textile, according to their substantivity, by intermolecular forces without the need of mordant. They are used to color cotton and paper leather, silk, and nylon, and are also used as pH indicators or as biological... 

These are defined as anionic dyes with substantivity for cellulosic fibres applied from an aqueous dyebath containing an electrolyte. The forces that operate between a direct dye and cellulose include hydrogen bonding, dipolar forces and non-specific hydrophobic interaction, depending on the chemical structure and polarity of the dye. Apparently multiple attachments are important, since linearity and coplanarity of molecular structure seem to be desirable features (section 3.2.1). The sorption process is reversible and numerous attempts have been made to minimise desorption by suitable aftertreatments (section 10.9.5). The two most significant non-textile outlets for direct dyes are the batchwise dyeing of leather and the continuous coloration of paper. 

Consider the fluid s x-component of motion in a rectangular Cartesian coordinate system. By following the flow, the rate of change of a fluid element s momentum is given by the substantive derivative of the momentum. By Newton s second law of motion, this can be equated to the net force acting on the element. For an element of fluid having volume Sx ySz, the equation of motion can be written for the x-component as follows ... 

Bioadhesion to the vaginal substrate implies knowledge and demonstration of the mechanism of interaction. In the present case, mucoadhesion, bioadhesion, and substantivity can be used interchangeably when evaluating the mucosa as a substrate. Several forces may be active, such as electrostatic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bonding, giving rise to surface interactions between the polymer and the mucosal substrate or diffusion into the mucus layer [48,49]. 

The idea that technology is a neutral means is countered by substantive views, which argue that technology is a force that shapes human life and values tech-nology is not simply a means to ends determined external to technology, but has a substantive effect on those ends, even to the extent of determining them completely. 

At the societal level, they imply an anemic view of justice, as London pointed out. They rebuff any commitment to a substantive theory of justice. They only require procedures such as the approval by the community and/or the local research ethics committee. What is more, they do not commit themselves to basic conditions for such procedures to be acceptable. They naturalize the extreme and desperate situation of such communities as the baseline. Furthermore, they do not recognize the influence this baseline condition may have in the bargaining process. They force people to expose themselves in order to achieve or protect such basic goods as health or life. This fact seems to put the research subject in an unfair position or, as Ballantyne (2004) has argued, in a situation of exploitation a mutually advantageous exploitation. This means that research (or any transaction) can be simultaneously mutually beneficial and yet also unfair. 

The Froude number, = vP Lg, is similar to it is a measure of the inertial stress to the gravitational force per unit area acting on a fluid. Its inclusion in Eq. (11) is justified when density differences are encountered in the absence of substantive differences in density, e.g., for emulsions more so than for suspensions, the Froude term can be neglected. Dimensionless mixing time is independent of the Reynolds number for both laminar and turbulent flow regimes, as in-... 

The substantive evaluation on which this chapter was based was supported by NIH grant NR04281 Air Force Office of Scientific Research grant F49620-00-1-0266 NASA Cooperative Agreement NCC 9-58 with the National Space Biomedical Research Institute and the Institute for Experimental Psychiatry Research Foundation. 

The properties of perfume materials are intimately related to their chemical constitution, but the mechanisms whereby chemical structure leads to odor perception involve, in crucial ways, a physical phenomenon the mutual attraction forces between molecules. These forces determine the rate of evaporation of odor materials from solutions or surfaces, they are the basis of fixation and substantivity, they explain why the odor quality of mixtures varies depending upon the solvent or base in which they are incorporated. They are also involved in the very process of odor perception, in the contact between the odorant molecule and the receptor cell. Moreover they are at the heart of distillation, extraction, solubility, and the mechanism of chromatography. In this chapter, we will briefly discuss the physical basis of some of these phenomena, showing also how the attraction forces between molecules are related to their chemical structure. 

Attraction also occurs between the paper of the smelling blotter and the perfume materials. The attraction forces between the perfume and the solid support upon which it has been deposited are called forces of adhesion, and the degree of adhesion is often designated by the term substantivity. Adhesion plays a major role in the persistence of perfume on the skin, of the perfume from shampoos or conditioners on the hair, of detergent and fabric softener perfumes on textile fibers. 

An e>cef eikat difHculty is that, in the "Commentafy on List" (p. 265). Marx refers to productive forces in a very broad sense "If the monotony of an occupation makes you better suited for that occupation, then monotony ts a productive force." A substantive proNem is created by producers preferences technique that is optimal in terms of... 

The conceptual status of social relations and of science, therefore, is somewhat ambiguous. They satisfy some of the theoretical constraints on the productive forces, but not others. This is not to say that they constitute fundamental difficulties in Marx s project. Rather, they represent substantive, medium-sized problems of the kind that will arise in any comprehensive theory of social change. A deeper flaw in the theory arises in Marx s treatment of population. In accordance with the mercantilist... 

To understand perfume behaviour on these surfaces and/or matrices, we must consider the range of attractive or repulsive forces between the perfume components and the surface itself. The situation is complicated by the way in which perfume is delivered to the surface. For example, for a perfume ingredient in a soap bar to be substantive it must first be efficiently delivered to the skin during washing, it must then survive rinsing and, finally, it must be retained for some time on the skin. Definitions of substantivity and of retention vary, but here retention is used to indicate the affinity a perfume has for a substrate when delivered to it, whilst substantivity also includes delivery barriers. 

Soaps and surfactants, lipids, cationic ingredients, and even polymers or polymer association complexes have been used as conditioning ingredients in shampoos and/or conditioning products. Soaps deposit their hydrophobic salts on the hair or bind by metal bridging. Cationic surfactants and polymers attach substantively to hair by ionic bonds enhanced by Van der Waals attractive forces. The substantivity of most polymer association complexes is probably due to their hydrophobic nature, enhanced by Van der Waals forces (entropy) and possibly ionic bonds. 

Mark [20, 21] has described the forces involved in multiple polar and dispersion binding in polymers by means of molar cohesions (see Table 7-1). These data show that, in polymers of even low molecular weight (10,000Da), the cohesive energy approaches that of primary chemical bonds. Therefore, by analogy, one may predict the importance of molecular size to substantivity of ingredients to hair. 

Dye staining tests [29, 30] show that substantivity of monofunctional cationics to water rinsing does not occur unless the hydrocarbon portion is approximately 8 to 10 carbon atoms. This effect occurs because, in addition to the electrostatic bond, sufficient Van der Waals attractive forces must exist to bind the molecule to the keratin in the presence of the aqueous phase. As the molecular size of the cationic structure is increased, even... 

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