Subject poisonings

The most marked effect of both the monopyridinlum monoxlmes and the blspyrldinlum blsoxlmes on functions In subjects poisoned by OP compounds Is on neuromuscular transmission. The blspyrldinlum blsoxlmes are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract less rapidly than the monopyridinlum monoxlmes, but are more efficient In yielding a comparatively high plasma concentration of oxime than the monopyridinlum monoxlmes, by virtue of having smaller volumes of distribution within the body and being excreted less rapidly by the kidneys. 

The classic studies of Wilson and Ginsburg (1955a,b) established that reactivation of phosphylated AChE could be accelerated by certain compounds more nucleophilic than water, such as A -methylhydroxylamine. Since that time, a variety of reactivators, termed oximes, have been synthesized for use in the treatment of subjects poisoned by OP anticholinesterases. In the United States, the oxime pralidoxime [iV-niethyi-(2-hydroxyaminoformyl-pyridinium)chlorlde] is the only reactivator approved for use (Fig. 7), whereas obidoxime (Ai,t[4-hydroxyamino-... 

Unlike ion-selective electrodes using glass membranes, crystalline solid-state ion-selective electrodes do not need to be conditioned before use and may be stored dry. The surface of the electrode is subject to poisoning, as described earlier for a Ck ISE in contact with an excessive concentration of Br. When this happens, the electrode can be returned to its original condition by sanding and polishing the crystalline membrane. 

Covalent synthesis of complex molecules involves the reactive assembly of many atoms into subunits with aid of reagents and estabUshed as well as innovative reaction pathways. These subunits are then subjected to various reactions that will assemble the target molecule. These reaction schemes involve the protection of certain sensitive parts of the molecule while other parts are being reacted. Very complex molecules can be synthesized in this manner. A prime example of the success of this approach is the total synthesis of palytoxin, a poisonous substance found in marine soft corals (35). Other complex molecules synthesized by sequential addition of atoms and blocks of atoms include vitamin potentially anticancer KH-1 adenocarcinoma antigen,... 

Metals in the platinum family are recognized for their ability to promote combustion at lowtemperatures. Other catalysts include various oxides of copper, chromium, vanadium, nickel, and cobalt. These catalysts are subject to poisoning, particularly from halogens, halogen and sulfur compounds, zinc, arsenic, lead, mercury, and particulates. It is therefore important that catalyst surfaces be clean and active to ensure optimum performance. 

Compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and cyanides are the most common metal surface poisoners occurring in process units subject to aqueous-phase hydrogen attack. In many process units, these compounds can be effectively eliminated and hydrogen diffusion stopped by adding ammonium polysulfides and oxygen to the process streams which converts the compounds to polysulfides and thiocyanates, provided the pH is kept on the alkaline side. 

Coniine, C H N. is the toxic principle of the poison hemlock drunk by Socrates. When subjected to Hofmann elimination, coniine yields 5-(iV,N-dimethylamino)-l-octene. If coniine is a secondary amine, what is its structure ... 

Lukaszewicz-Hussain A, Moniuszko-Jakoniuk J, Pawlowska D. 1985. Blood glucose and insulin concentration in rats subjected to physical exercise in acute poisoning with parathion-methyl. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm 37 647-651. 

Hematological Effects. Leukocytosis and decreased platelet counts were reported in a group of subjects shortly after they ingested an unknown amount of endosulfan (Blanco-Coronado et al. 1992). One subject from that study, who eventually died, had prolonged partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time with thrombocytopenia, and decreased fibrinogen two days after being admitted to the hospital. Elevated white cell count was also observed in an additional case of fatal acute poisoning with... 

Poisoning of deNOx catalysts by SO2 could also be a problem since diesel fuels contain small amounts of sulfur compounds. Only a few studies deal with this subject [11-13]. It appears from the literature that for Cu catalysts the use of MFI as a support reduces the inhibition by SO2. Support effects also appear in the case of Co since Co/MFI is much less sensitive to SO2 than Co/ferrierite [13]. Since this support effect may be related to acidity, it becomes important, to investigate the influence of SO2 on the properties of Cu catalysts supported on Si02, AI2O3, MFI, BEA and unpromoted or sulfate promot Ti02 and Zr02- These latter have been reported active for deNOx [14]. 

The subjects of this chapter are the exploration of the scope and hmitations of the new Pd-Sn catalyzed hydrogenolysis route for the synthesis of thiols via 2-(perfluoroalkyl)ethane thiocyanate, the characterization of the surprisingly active and robust Pd-Sn catalysts, and the attempted correlation of the characterization of the catalysts with observed onset of hydrogenolysis reactivity and snrprisingly long lifetime in the presence of known catalyst poisons. ... 

The processes of nature cannot be hurried and most of the knowledge we have is relatively fragmentary. Practically every known agricultural practice is subject to continuous scientific scrutiny, with the result that periodic revisions are almost the rule. If our oldest concepts are so subject to change, how very little we must know about these five-year-old marvels. It is natural for everyone involved to be concerned with the possible hazards which may be incurred as a result of volume use of newer economic poisons. 

Containers of insecticides and other economic poisons must bear labels showing the name or brand of the article, the net contents, the name and address of the manufacturer or distributor, an ingredient declaration, an appropriate warning or caution statement, including the word POISON (in red), the skull and crossbones, and an antidote statement on highly toxic materials. Adequate directions for use must accompany each economic poison. Devices subject to the act are not required to bear labels but if they... 

Sale of a deficient or misbranded economic poison is a violation of law, for which the seller is subject to prosecution as a misdemeanor. The maximum penalty is a fine of 500 or 6 months in jail. Repeated violations are cause for revocation of registration. This is a very drastic penalty and is seldom required. 

This first number is a perfect illustration of the desirability of establishing a special medium for the publication of certain symposia presented at American Chemical Society meetings. Only a relatively small percentage of the papers can be said to be strictly chemical in nature. Many deal with such subjects as the toxicological effects of economic poisons, public health aspects, etc. Only through the establishment of the Advances in Chemistry Series was it possible to present the symposia in their entirety. 

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