Solid state crystalline

Unlike ion-selective electrodes using glass membranes, crystalline solid-state ion-selective electrodes do not need to be conditioned before use and may be stored dry. The surface of the electrode is subject to poisoning, as described earlier for a Ck ISE in contact with an excessive concentration of Br. When this happens, the electrode can be returned to its original condition by sanding and polishing the crystalline membrane. 

Glass membrane Crystalline solid-state membrane ... 

Shortly after, Doetschman and Hutchison reported the first example of a reactive carbene in the crystalline solid state, by preparing diphenylcarbene from diphenyldi-azomethane in mixed crystals with 1,1-diphenylethylene 84 (Scheme 7.23). When the mixed crystals were irradiated, carbene 85 was detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and the disappearance of the signal was monitored to determine its kinetic behavior. Two reactions were shown to take place under topochemical... 

These particular molecules were chosen since they exemplify the interesting and unique properties - of an entire class of 17-donor species. These properties include the formation of stable, colored radical cations and the known ability to interact strongly in the crystalline solid state. - ... 

In the crystalline solid state, there is little vibrational or translational freedom, and hence diffusion into a crystalline lattice is slow and difficult. As the temperature of a solid is raised by the input of heat, vibrational and translational motion increases. At a particular temperature - termed the melting point - this motion overcomes the attractive forces holding the lattice together and the liquid state is produced. The liquid state, on cooling, returns to the solid state as crystallization occurs and heat is released by the formation of strong attractive forces. 

This opening chapter has introduced many of the principles and ideas that lie behind a discussion of the crystalline solid state. We have discussed in detail the structure of a number of important ionic crystal structures and shown how they can be linked to a simple view of ions as hard spheres that pack together as closely as possible, but can also be viewed as the linking of octahedra or tetrahedra in various ways. Taking these ideas further, we have investigated the size of these ions in terms of their radii, and... 

Because amorphous and crystalline solid-state forms contain nonequivalent spatial relationships at the molecular level, they often display differences in functional group vibrational modes that can be measured by IR spectroscopy. Total attenuated reflectance IR spectroscopy is utilized because it is non-destructive and can be used to directly measure actual tablet and capsule samples. Similarly, solid-state NMR spectroscopy is another non-destructive direct analytical method that can detect and measure differences in nuclear resonance frequencies and relaxations, such as those displayed by amorphous and crystalline material. Cross-polarization... 

Reactions that occur in the crystalline solid state offer an opportunity to document the structure of the reactant and its environment to a level of detail that is not... 

In our laboratories we have shown that the crystalline solid state may exert a very high degree of control on the selectivity of several highly reactive intermediates. The reaction in Scheme 27 illustrates the transformation of a diazo compound... 

Photochemical reactions in the solid state may also go to limited conversion when the product does not compete for incident light but may act as an efficient energy quencher. This is likely to be of importance in triplet state reactions when the product may act as an energy trap. Although this is a factor that may also limit the conversion of photochemical reactions in solution, because of efficient energy delocalization by dipole-dipole and exchange mechanisms it is likely to be more important in the crystalline solid state. 

An important point in the science of conjugated polymers is the dependence of their optical properties as a response to their physical state (solution, aggregated, liquid crystalline, solid state, thermal treatment) [50]. Processable PPEs, particularly dialkoxy-PPEs, have been known since the early 1990s [1], and their spectroscopic behavior has been studied both in... 

Visible Absorption Bands of Charge-Transfer Salts in the Crystalline Solid State and... 

Patel, G. N., Miller, G. G. Copolymerization of diacetylenes in the crystalline solid state — a method for recording latent finger prints. Preprint 1976... 

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