Truth necessary

It can even be observed that, according to the general laws of the development of our faculties, certain prejudices have necessarily come into being at each stage of our progress, but they have extended their seductions or their empire long beyond their due season, because men retain the prejudices of their childhood, their country and their age long after they have discovered all the truths necessary to destroy them. 

An apparently universal truth is that intimate contact between adhesive and adherend is a necessary (but not sufficient) requirement for good adhesion. 

Chapman s work produced the following theorem, which provides the necessary and sufficient conditions for guaranteeing the truth of any given statement in a partial plan, if all operations are modeled by STRIPS-like operators. 

Antireductionists will differ from reductionists, not on the facts, but on whether the initial explanation was merely an incomplete one or just a how-possibly explanation. Antireductionists will agree that the macromolecular genetic and biochemical pathways are causally necessary to the truth of the purely functional ultimate explanation. However, they don t complete an otherwise incomplete explanation. They are merely further facets of [the] situation that molecular research might illuminate (Kitcher, 1999, p. 199). The original ultimate answer to the question as to why do butterflies have eyespots does provide a complete explanatory answer to a question. Accordingly, how-possibly explanations are perfectly acceptable ones, or else the ultimate explanation in question is something more than a mere how-possibly explanation. 

Typically extrapolations of many kinds are necessary to complete a risk assessment. The number and type of extrapolations will depend, as we have said, on the differences between condition A and condition B, and on how well these differences are understood. Once we have characterized these differences as well as we can, it becomes necessary to identify, if at all possible, a firm scientific basis for conducting each of the required extrapolations. Some, as just mentioned, might be susceptible to relatively simple statistical analysis, but in most cases we will find that statistical methods are inadequate. Often, we may find that all we can do is to apply an assumption of some sort, and then hope that most rational souls find the assumption likely to be close to the truth. Scientists like to be able to claim that the extrapolation can be described by some type of model. A model is usually a mathematical or verbal description of a natural process, which is developed through research, tested for accuracy with new and more refined research, adjusted as necessary to ensure agreement with the new research results, and then used to predict the behavior of future instances of the natural process. Models are refined as new knowledge is acquired. 

The primary purpose of this section has been to show the possibilities for using density and area profile data to aid in the better understanding of gas-carbon reactions. In order to determine specific reaction rates and carbon dioxide concentrations at given penetrations, it has been necessary to make assumptions which can only be approximations to the truth. Several major anomalies in the results have been found, however. The calculated concentrations of carbon dioxide at the external surface of rods reacted at 1200 (Table VI) and 1305° are not in agreement with the known carbon dioxide concentrations. Clearly, more information is required on the variation of Deir with temperature and its variation with porosity produced at different reaction temperatures. It is feasible that at high temperatures, considerable porosity may be produced without increasing Deo to such a marked extent as found at 900°. Another anomaly is the non-uniformity of reaction found at 925°, when it would be expected that the reaction should be in Zone I. The preliminary assumption of a completely interconnecting pore system may not be valid. It should also be noted that neither the value of K in Equation (75) nor the low-temperature activa-... 

She has an inkling of the truth, that what we look for is a cure of our alienations, to be put back in touch, by violent means if necessary, with that original, creative self that has been alienated from us by our middle-class families, education, and corporate world of employment. 

It is sometimes said that the opposite of a profound truth is another profound truth. The social sciences offer a number of illustrations of this profound truth. They can isolate tendencies, propensities and mechanisms and show that they have implications for behavior that are often surprising and counterintuitive. What they are more rarely able to do is to state necessary and sufficient conditions under which the various mechanisms are switched on. This is another reason for emphasizing mechanisms rather than laws. Laws by their nature are general and do... 

Consistency is generally regarded as laudable, but interesting consequences follow when we value it above all else. For example, Kantian reasoning usual leads to a rejection of lying under any circumstances, but one of Kant s earliest critics asked if it is therefore necessary to tell a murderer the truth about the location of his prey. Such discussions have led to various modifications of Kant s theories, but these modifications continue to value consistency and universality fairly highly. 

As bonos furnish only two substances to crops, science as well as experience indicates that they are more likely to be useful when used aa auxiliaries—for example, with farmyard manure, et cetera. At all events, that this is true, when bones are to be used for some ye are, may be deduced from the mineral theory, A striking instance of this fact occurred in Nottinghamshire. The soil was supposed to have become deficient in bone earth, and as the first applications produced very good results, it was supposed that by the constant repetition of a larger quantity increased fertility would follow, Those hopes were disappointed, until it was shown by other experiments that other mineral constituents were necessary. By tho addition of these, the accumulated stores of dormant bone earth immediately began to develop wonderful effects. This is but another instance of the truth of the mineral theory of Liebig. 

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