Sub-arctic

In a survey of atmospheric corrosion in the Canadian arctic and sub-arctic regions rates-as low as 2-5 uva/y were recorded at inland sites . Within 1 km of the sea, rates of 21-34 m/y were measured. 

Over 20% of the world s open ocean surface waters are replete in light and major nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, and silicate), yet chlorophyll and productivity values remain low. These so-called "high-nitrate low-chlorophyll" or HNLC regimes (Chisholm and Morel, 1991) include the sub-arctic North Pacific (Martin and Fitzwater, 1988 Martin et al, 1989 Miller et al, 1991), the equatorial Pacific (Murray et al, 1994 Fitzwater et al, 1996) and the southern Ocean (Martin et al.,... 

Alkaloids derived from L-ornithine, L-lysine, and L-trypthophan occur in the Legume plant family (Fabaceae Juss.) (Table 9). This plant family is the third largest botanical family, with 650 genera and 18000 species in the humid tropics, sub-tropics, temperate and sub-arctic zones around the Globe". L-ornithine-derived alkaloids such as senecionine are present in the genus Crota Crotalaria L.). 

This case study was carried out in the Research and Teaching Faboratory of Applied Botany under the auspices of the Department of Biology of the University of Joensuu, Finland (N 62° 36 E 29° 40 ) from 1999 to 2003 as a part of the larger project, Quinolizidine alkaloids in arctic and sub-arctic flora . This large project explores the broader problem of QAs occurring in... 

Lippert, H., Brinkmeyer, R., and Iken, K. (2003). Antimicrobial activity in sub-Arctic marine invertebrates. Polar Biol. 26,591-600. 

Koprivnjak, J. F., and T. R. Moore. 1992. Sources, sinks and fluxes of dissolved organic carbon in sub-arctic fen catchments. Arctic and Alpine Research 24 204—210. 

Kirchman, D. L., and P. A. Wheeler. 1998. Uptake of ammonium and nitrate by heterotrophic bacteria and phytoplankton in the sub-Arctic Pacific. Deep-Sea Research 145 347-365. 

Sea ice thickness has also been reduced by between 1 m and 2m in most parts of the Arctic Ocean and the sub-Arctic seas. ... 

Traditional lifestyles (Arctic, sub-Arctic and high mountain) Changes in sea ice and freshwater ice, snow cover, and frozen ground... 

Arctic deserts and tundra, sub-Arctic grassland and marshes 3.2... 

TCDD and OCDD in the Arctic than in sub-Arctic areas is thought to be transpolar movement of aerosols from combustion-related sources originating in Eurasia (Norstrom et al. 1990). CDDs and CDFs were determined in caribou tissue samples from 7 herds across the Canadian Arctic (Hebert et al. 1996). In contrast to marine mammals, concentrations for caribou were extremely low, sub-ng/kg (lipid basis), for all congeners except OCDD and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD in one herd. OCDD was found in most of the samples at concentrations ranging from < 0.2 ng/kg in fat to 4.7 ng/kg in adipose tissue. The one pooled liver sample analyzed from the Yukon had an OCDD concentration of 11 ng/kg (lipid basis). 

Betzer P.R., Byrne R.H., Acker J.G., Lewis C.S., Jolley R.R. and Feely R.A. (1986) Biogenic input to the oceanic carbonate system Mass fluxes of pteropods and foraminifera in tropical, temperate, and sub-arctic regions of the western North Pacific, (manuscript). 

Frost, B. W. (1987). Grazing control of phytoplankton stock in the open sub-arctic Pacific ocean — A model assessing the role of mesozooplankton, particularly the large calanoid copepod Neocalanus spp. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 39, 49—68. 

Martin J. H. and Fitzwater S. E. (1988) Iron deficiency limits phytoplankton growth in the north-east Pacific sub-Arctic. Nature 331, 341-343. 

Evans MS, Muir D, Lockhart WL, et al. Persistent organic pollutants and mercury in the freshwater biota of the Canadian sub-Arctic and Arctic An overview. Sci Total Environ 2005 351-2 94-147. 

D. Hocking, P. Kuchar, J.A. Plambeck et al.. The Impact of Gold Smelter Emissions on Vegetation and Soils of a sub-Arctic Forest-tundra Transition Ecosystem, APCA J. 28(2), 133-137, Feb. (1978). 

While the role of carotenoid photoprotection seems well justified in copepods, it is more obscure in the cladocera [16,41]. Sub-Arctic alpine copepods (Hetero-cope) were found to have ten times more carotenoids than sympatric populations of cladocerans, and even low-land transparent copepods have higher carotenoid levels than highly light-exposed Daphnia [41]. Carotenoids are also widespread in fish, notably anadromous salmonids, yet the role of carotenoids in photoprotection in these species is not settled. 

H.I. Browman, R.D. Vetter (2001). Impacts of solar ultraviolet radiation on crustacean zooplankton and ichthyoplankton Case Studies from Sub-Arctic marine Ecosystems. In D.O. Hessen (Ed.), UV Radiation and Arctic Ecosystems (pp 261-306). Springer-Verlag. 

Ruth, E. and M. Kharytonov Integrated approach for Assessment of Polluted Areas, in R.O. Rasmussen, N.F. Koroleva (eds), Social and environmental impacts in the North Methods in evaluation of socioeconomic and environmental consequences of mining and energy production in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic. NATO Science Series, IV Earth and environmental sciences. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (2003) 57-66. 

Some fjords are located in arctic and sub-arctic regions where the influence of man is minimal others are located near population and industrial centres and can be heavily contaminated (Skei etal., 2000). This spectrum of conditions... 

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