Styrene-butadiene rubber-based applications

S. Bandyopadhyay, S.L. Agrawal, P. Sajith, N. Mandal, S. Dasgupta, R. Mukhopadhyay, A.S. Deuri, and S.C. Ameta, Research on the application of recycled waste RFL (Resorcinol-Formaldehyde-Latex) dip solid in Styrene Butadiene Rubber based compounds. Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, 23(1), 21, 2007. 

Butyl phenolic resin is a typical tackifier for solvent-borne polychloroprene adhesives. For these adhesives, rosin esters and coumarone-indene resins can also be used. For nitrile rubber adhesives, hydrogenated rosins and coumarone-indene resins can be used. For particular applications of both polychloroprene and nitrile rubber adhesives, chlorinated rubber can be added. Styrene-butadiene rubber adhesives use rosins, coumarone-indene, pinene-based resins and other aromatic resins. 

Emulsion polymerization is the basis of many industrial processes, and the production volume of latex technologies is continually expanding—a consequence of the many environmental, economic, health, and safety benefits the process has over solvent-based processes. A wide range of products are synthesized by emulsion polymerization, including commodity polymers, such as polystyrene, poly(acrylates), poly (methyl methacrylate), neoprene or poly(chloroprene), poly(tetrafluoroethylene), and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). The applications include manufacture of coatings, paints, adhesives, synthetic leather, paper coatings, wet suits, natural rubber substitutes, supports for latex-based antibody diagnostic kits, etc. ... 

Several elastomers can be used in rubber-based adhesives. The elastomer provides the backbone of the adhesive, so the main performance of the adhesive is provided by the rubber properties. However, several specific properties for application are imparted by adding other ingredients in the formulations. The most common elastomers used in rubber-based adhesives are natural rubber (NR), butyl rubber (BR) and polyisobutylenes, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), nitrile rubber (NBR) and polychloroprene rubber Neoprene) (CR). 

Use of nanoparticles as fillers in mbbers is highly relevant because end use applications of rubber compounds require filler reinforcement. Most of the literature on rubber nanocomposites is based on the use of nanoclay as the filler. It has been shown that incorporation of nanoclay in synthetic rubbers, like styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), chloroprene rubber (CR), nitrile rubber (NBR), ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) mbber etc. enhances the mechanical, anti-ageing and barrier properties. 

Unlike natural rubber, filled synthetic rubber compounds (e.g., styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM)) exhibit inherent low tack. The tack property is very important for tyre applications where multiple layers must adhere to each other. The lack of adequate tack may lead to failure of the final product. Long-chain and branched alkyl phenol-based novolac resins have been recommended as tackifier. 

Rubber mixes, prepared with their application, were based on styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) KER 1500 (Synthos S.A., Poland) and acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) NT 1845 (Lanxess, Germany). 

Three fillers were the objects of study micro silica Arsil (Z. Ch. Rudniki S.A., Poland), kaolin KOM (Surmin-Kaolin S.A., Poland) and wollastonite Casiflux (Sibelco Specialty Minerals Europe, The Netherlands). Rubber mixes, prepared with their application, were based on styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) KER 1500 (Synthos S.A., Poland) and acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) NT 1845 (Lanxess, Germany). 

Water-base adhesives are made of materials that can be dissolved or dispersed in water. Both natural (cellulosic, dextrin, starch) and synthetic (phenol formaldehyde, polyvinyl acetate, styrene-butadiene rubber, nitrile rubber) polymer materials are used in manufacturing water-base adhesives. Their primary application is in packaging, with a much smaller percentage usage in construction. Their share of the market, however, has been increasing due to health concerns associated with some of the solvents used in organic-solvent adhesives. 

Pyridine bases namely 2 4-picolines are important commodity chemicals which are used in pharmaceuticals, rubber eind agricultural industries. 2-picoline is consumed for several different pesticides, and is used in the production of 2-vinylpyridine, which is a component of styrene-butadiene-vinylpyridine terpolymer latexes. The major outlet for 4-picoline is for the manufacture of 4-vinylpyridine and INH an anti-tubercular drug. The stringent specifications laid down for these products in pharmaceutical and agricultural applications can not be met from natural sources namely from coal carbonisation byproducts. Synthetic pyridine is the only answer to this problem. 

Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, NBR, styrene-aciylonitrile rubber, SAN, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, EVA, and acrylic copolymers are helpful modifications of polyvinylchloride that change its processing characteristics and elastomeric properties. Blending with these copolymers helps to reduce the requirement for low molecular weight plasticizers. Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer plays a role of high molecular weight plasticizer in production of vinyl hose. This reduces the amount of DOP used in flexible hose applications. Ethylene copolymer is used plasticize PVC that reduces gel. "" Phthalate plasticizers can be eliminated from water based adhesives because of utilization of vinyl acetate ethylene copolymer as a high molecular plasticizer/modifier. " ... 

The polymers described in this chapter are industrial-grade materials, and consequently some of the examples may contain additives and/or may be chemically modified. Polymers in various morphological forms may be analyzed, and these include films, fibers, solid pelletized and powdered products, and dissolved/dispersed materials in liquids such as paints and latex products. Also, the same base polymer, such as a styrene-butadiene copolymer, for example, may exist in a rubber, a resin, or a plastic. In general, reference will not be made to the original source of the polymer samples. Because infrared spectroscopy is more widely used than the Raman method, the authors will focus more on the applications of this technique. However, the Raman method, which is complementary to the IR method, does have important and unique applications in the polymer analysis, especially with regard to the determination of the fundamental polymer structure and its... 

Seal manufactures develop their own rubber compounds suitable for seals, which possess the chemical, physical and swelling properties to match the functional requirements and working conditions of the application. The compounds used in the manufacture of seals are derived from base rubbers such as natural rubber, nitriles, neoprenes, butyls, styrene butadiene, carboxylated nitriles, viton, silicones and polytetrafluoroethylene. Of all the properties exhibited by the various types of rubber compounds, the most critical ones pertain to how they change when they are installed as seals and while in service. All physical properties change with age, and exposure to variations in temperature, fluid type, pressure, and other factors which can include corrosive chemicals and fumes and gases. Compounds with the smallest tendency to change their properties, whether chemical or physical, are easier to work with. More adaptable and versatile seals can be produced with these compounds. 

With the development of synthetic elastomers during World War II, new types of adhesives appeared for application to a broader range of substrates and for use at higher temperatures. Styrene-butadiene and butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers found application in new adhesives. There were also significant concurrent developments in adhesives based on chlorinated rubber, polychloroprene (neoprene), and poly sulfide rubber. Development of carboxylic elastomers, silicone rubbers, and polyurethanes followed. 

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